How Americanism Is The American Of American Imperialism...

Americanism is what Americans believe in, their values. Due to the nature of America’s foundation defining a clear-cut characteristic of an American and the motivations behind his actions is difficult. Yet the uniqueness of identifying only some factors of the incentive behind American expansionism and success is definition of an American. In the 1800s Americans wished for westward expansion—an idea of a frontier. Expansion had not been a new idea, but continuing the pattern of American history beginning when the first settlers arrived on shore. The drive for westward expansion was influenced by Puritan utopianism, revolutionary republicanism, and the economic growth of the mid-1800s. Many Christian sects fled to America to be able†¦show more content†¦It was at first a means of survival, but then a way of life as good land was easily obtained. The farmer thus became a â€Å"Jack-of-all-trades† due to the fact that he could live completely off his land and depend only on himself. He attained skills needed and learned to fix problems and was an inventor when new challenges arose. Soon though, religious indifference took hold of the colonies and the people became more concerned with making money once they understood that crops could grow and the colonists could become successful. The first Americans were all similar in rank—no nobility lived in colonial America. The early colonist could not relate to European customs after some time; in Europe the colonist had nothing. However, in America he had opportunities that would never arise in Britain. Through hard work, a man could rise in the ranks of America and become successful. As Puritans arrived and encountered Native Americans, the idea of a perfect society founded on Puritan beliefs compelled many to attempt converting the natives. Puritans developed an imaginary ideathat natives voluntarily invited them to North America. Native people were reluctant to give u p their language, culture, and family for a new religion imposed upon them by foreigners. Tribes would fight against the expanding Atlantic colonies hoping to encourage the colonists to leave the land.

How affective is the NSPCC at protecting vulnerable children Free Essays

Introduction Children and young people who become involved with the child protection system are amongst the most vulnerable people in our society (Cossar et al, 2011). Actively listening and responding to children’s voices is a vital component of the professional response to abused children (Davies and Duckett, 2009, 5). The responsibility to safeguard and promote the well-being of children and young people has been part of the legal framework of the child protection system since the 1989 Children Act (Butler and Roberts, 2004, 43). We will write a custom essay sample on How affective is the NSPCC at protecting vulnerable children? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Listening to the views of children and striving to understand their experiences are both fundamental to ensuring that their rights to security, support and involvement under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) are fully comprehended (Hear by right, 2009).Child protection systems are now incorporating effective methods of consulting children and young people to enable them to become involved in the assessment and child protection procedure (CPP). The essay will explore how the CPP has shifted from protecting a child to safeguarding all of a child’s welfare and safety. I will reflect on how serious child protection case reviews have reformed government policies today. The pages that follow will reflect current research illustrating the voice of children and young people in the child protection systems, the involvement and rights they hold in the decision making process and how government legislation has incorporated anti-discriminatory values to challenge oppression and discrimination in the CPP  ­ Design Considerations The chosen topic for my leaflet is the Child Protection Case Conference. I chose to write about it to prepare children and young people for the conference and to reduce the anxiety and fears they may be feeling. Research demonstrates that information is very limited for children and young people participating at conferences. Receiving good quality information before the conference will essentially help them to make informed choices on decisions affecting their lives. The leaflet describes a range of ways in which their views could be represented so that they can decide whether or not they wish to attend. The design of the leaflet is conventional due to the nature of the topic. It is an A4 size folded leaflet that can be discreetly fitted into the child’s pocket or bag. The title of the leaflet is not attention grabbing because it is a sensitive topic; I would not want the child to feel distressed or discouraged from reading it. The language is very informative to engage the reader, and words of empowerment are highlighted in bold to captivate the reader. I tried to convey the message of professionals working in unity with the child to promote their participation in the conference. The presentation of the leaflet was designed in a question and answer format to be informative, and the writing style aimed for clarity and quality rather than an overload of information. I included one picture on the main cover to express unity and to reassure that professionals are working together to promote safety. I used a subtle green colour to reflect the mood of the topic. The leaflet present s a number of contacts to support children and young people during the conference. I provided details of Children’s Rights Officers because they are independent from social workers and other professionals and advocate the child’s rights. I felt it was important to include Children 1st because they work in partnership with children and families and campaign to change attitudes towards children. I provided details of Connexions to direct the young person if they needed advice on any other issues that may be worrying them. Although I have mentioned on the leaflet that it can be produced in different forms, it fails to reach a diverse range of service users. It is not accessible to the needs of a child or young people who have a visual or hearing impairment. Neither is it suitable for a child or young person whose first language is not English. If I designed the leaflet again I would produce the leaflet in different forms to ensure the accessibility of all service users. Child Protection to Safeguarding Children – The Historical Context The origins of child protection work were seen in the early forms of responses to child cruelty in the 19th century (Ferguson, 2004, 5). The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) was established in the late 19th century as the first child protection agency (Beckett, 2007, 9). The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children helped to influence the core foundation of the NSPCC after the victorious 1874 child abuse prosecution for Mary Ellen Wilson (Munro, 2007, 17) The 1889 Children’s Charter Act was the first law in child protection history for the state to intervene between children and families (Batty,2005). The Act enabled the police to remove children from their home if they were believed to be mistreated by their parents or guardians (Corby, 2000, 24). The 1889 Act reflects the power that still exists today under section 46 of the 1989 Children Act (Beckett, 2007, 8). Between the period of 1891 to 1903, NSPCC children shelters played a crucial role protecting vulnerable children against child cruelty (Ferguson, 2004, 31). The shelters played a pivotal role rescuing children who were homeless on the streets, sheltering children whose parents were kept in custody and protecting children when their lives were at risk (Corby, 2000, 25). The 1908 Children’s Act was one of the first pieces of legislation to address the concerns and rights of children (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 17). The Act introduced the registration of foster carers, the establishment of juvenile courts and the abolishment of imprisoning children aged under 14 (Beckett, 2007, 9).The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 is one of the older pieces of child protection legislation which has parts that are still in power today (Ferguson, 2004, 43). It gave local authorities child protection duties and the power to remove children in emergencies (Beckett, 2007, 9). Four years later, the Act amended the age which a person is considered to be a child, to under the age of 14 and a young person between the ages of 14 and 17 (Hothersall, 2008, 16). Although parents still dominated the rights over children, reforms in legislation were recognising the responsibilities professionals held towards protecting children’s welfare ( Hothersall, 2008, 16) The passing of the 1948 Children Act revolutionised the way vulnerable children in Britain were protected by the state (Linklater and Holman, 2008). The legislation created children’s departments within local authorities and implemented the role of welfare officers (Beckett, 2007, 9). The appointed role of child welfare officers became the formulation of the social work profession (Corby, 2000, 31). The 1948 Children Act was described as â€Å"the most comprehensive and humanitarian children’s legislation in history† (Linklater and Holman, 2008). Although the Act safeguarded children from abuse, there was a lack of awareness challenging child maltreatment (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 18). The concept of prevention was prevalent in the 1950’s due to the little attention the 1948 Act paid to child abuse (Brandon et al, 1998, 14). The impact of prevention was extended in the Children’s and Young Person’s Act 1963 by reco mmending all local authorities to support families whose children were not looked after by the local authority (Brandon et al 1998, 14). Child care officers were optimistic working directly with families reduced the number of admissions of children into care (Corby, 2000, 31). The unity of families and local authorities working together remained a positive approach (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin,2008, 18) to provide supportive interventions before a crisis point was reached (Hothersall, 2008, 8). Child abuse and neglect became a social issue in the 1970’s due to the growing speculation that not all physical injuries to children were accidental (Owen and Pritchard, 1993, 39). The discovery of the Battered Baby Syndrome by Henry Kempe led professionals to work with families and children as a medical problem (Fawcett et al, 2004, 53). Kempe’s ideas led to the idea of parents abusing their children as a psychological problem rather than acknowledging the social issues of poverty and deprivation (Owen and Pritchard,1993, 39). The tragic death of Maria Colwell became one of the first child protection cases that came into the media spotlight due to the failings of incompetent professionals who failed to protect her (Beckett, 2007, 9). The public inquiry highlighted that child abuse was still a dominant social problem (Owen and Pritchard, 1993, 39) and that there was a serious lack of coordination and communication among services responsible for protecting children (Batty, 2005). The death of Maria Colwell was further followed by other high profile inquiries into the deaths of Jasmine Beckford, Tyra Henry and Kimberley Carlile, who all died at the hands of their parents (Fawcett et al, 2004, 53). Despite the pressure from social services to create a more effective investigation system, social workers were heavily criticised for working too closely with parents and for failing to monitor the maltreatment of children (Hearn et al, 2004). The implementation of risk assessments were drafted to replace the su pportive casework skills to identify child abuse (Brandon et al, 1998, 15). Recommendations were proposed to change child abuse work to child protection and to place statutory responsibility for protecting children at risk to local authorities (Corby, 2000, 41). Society began to acknowledge the voices of children to be heard. ChildLine was launched in 1986 as a national confidential helpline to exert the rights of children to be listened to (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 20). Before the Cleveland case, public inquiries into child abuse illustrated the failings of professionals protecting children who were abused by their parents or carers (Fawcett, 2004, 53). The reviews reinforced the certainty that if professionals did their jobs properly, child abuse tragedies were avoidable and professionals could differentiate dangerous families from others (Hearn et al, 2004). However, the 1988 Cleveland inquiry demonstrated that child protection professionals failed to recognise the rights of the parents and intervened too quickly â€Å"removing 121 children over a six month period in to care† (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 20). The inquiry criticised the impulsive reaction of individuals acting too hastily (Munro, 2007, 21). The Cleveland inquiry helped to shape policy and practice to work in partnership with parents and to give consideration of children’s rights (Corby, 2000, 44). The Working Together 1988 guidelines provided guidance on how agencies should work together and set out guidelines for assessing children in relation to every possible form of abuse (Hearn et al, 2004). In the 1990’s, England saw a major transformation in children and families law, introducing a greater emphasis on parental responsibility and establishing children’s rights (Adams et al, 2002, 267) The 1989 Children’s Act was widely seen as the most important child care law brought together into one piece of legislation to empower and promote children’s welfare (Symonds and Kelly, 1998, 230). The Act also addressed issues of inequalities amongst black and ethnic children and disabled children (Kiron, 2009, 12). It illustrated a shift in policy from the philosophy of child abuse prevention to the best interest of the child (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 21). The 1989 Act addressed the dynamics of child protection work focusing on the rights of the children and parents and working effectively with professionals (Adams et al, 2002, 82). The promotion of children’s rights was further extended by the 1989 UNCRC international law on the rights of children (Brandon et al, 1998, 23).Article 12 of the UN Convention argued for children to be seen as independent human beings with the rights to express their views independently from adults and to fully participate in the decision making processes (Hallett and Prout, 2003, 27). However, Nixon (2002) argues that, despite the UK approval of the UNCRC, UK governments at the time did not fully commit to the implementation of the Convention. It became apparent that children’s rights were only advocated in looked after children and areas affecting children and young people in the youth justice system (Fawcett et al, 2004, 29). The mid-1990 saw the policies of practices in the children protection system become a subject of concern (Parton, 2010). The legislation reinforced that children and family practices should work in partnership with parents (Hearn et al, 2004), but, in reality, the law increased tensions between the interests of the child, their families and the state through legal procedures (Dalrymple, 2002). Social work practices were being dominated by section 47 enquires which alienated parents from the assistance of family support (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 21). A summary of findings on child protection was published by the Department of Health 1995 (Quiggin, 2004, 65). The findings illustrated the need for better communication amongst professionals and supportive interventions for families to cope outside the child protection system (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 22). Concerns were also raised for professional interventions to be sensitive to needs of the family and to form relationships based on trust and honesty (Hearn et al, 2004). The report also highlighted flaws within assessments â€Å"lacking systematic approaches† to information gathering; it also failed to reflect children’s views and denied the needs of ethnic minority and disabled children (Quiggin, 2004, 66). Subsequently, this led to changes in government policies to rectify the weaknesses in children’s services to assist children in need (Adams et al, 2002, 267). The death of Victoria Climbie in 2000 shocked the nation due to the failure of professionals to notice the abuse or to speak directly to her (Munro, 2007, 23). Following the inquiry into her death, the government issued an Every Child Matters (ECM) Green Paper on further initiatives to change social work practice with children and families (Parton, 2010). Subsequently, ECM became the basis of the 2004 Children Act (NSPCC, 2010), and this reflected a broader strategy for overcoming child abuse and intervening at a much earlier stage in a child’s life to overcome problems in the future (Parton, 2010). In regards to child protection work, the Children Act of 2004 placed a duty on all local authorities and agencies to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 24). It set out a wider strategy for integrating services to children so that every child can achieve the five ECM outcomes (NSPCC, 2010). ECM emphasis es the importance of listening to children, young people and the family (Lefevre, 2010, 19). The implementation of the Integrated Children System (ICS) was part of the government’s initiatives to change children’s services for assessment and care planning (Cleaver et al, 2008, 12), and to incorporate an inter-agency approach to the assessments and interventions into children’s lives (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 46). The ICS enabled the child or young person to be fully involved in early interventions identified before problems become more severe (Cleaver et al, 2008, 12). With a strong dedication to early intervention, the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) was introduced to assess children with additional needs (Cleaver, 2008, 18) and to ensure all practitioners listened to and understood children’s needs (Lefevre, 2010, 19). It is an important part of the wider ECM strategy, ensuring all children’s services communicate and s hare information effectively between different agencies (Munro, 2007, 27). The voice of Children and Young people in the Child Protection Procedure The child protection system incorporates approaches to prevent and protect children and young people from the potential experiences of abuse, whether physical, sexual, emotional or neglect (Cawson et al, 2000), which could jeopardise their development or lives (Woolfson et al, 2010). It is the duty of all children’s services to share the responsibility of safeguarding children and to promote their welfare (Murno, 2007, 31). Although the 1989 Children Act was a â€Å"landmark in the history of the child protection system† it was criticised for supporting a â€Å"child in need† but excluding children who may suffer economic hardship (Lawrence, 2004, 74, 102). Hence consecutive governments changed children’s policy to embrace all the needs proposed in the ECM agenda (Cleaver et al, 2008, 13). The 2004 Children Act provides the legal foundation for the ECM programme, but the emphasis on parental and children rights still reflects the principles behind the 1989 Act (Hoders and Barker, 2007, 86). Provisions added to the 1989 legislation currently place a legal duty on all organisations providing services for children and families to â€Å"work together† (Munro, 2007, 37). Before the provisions were implemented, vulnerable children were referred to children’s services under Section 17 as a â€Å"child in need†, rather than a child in need of protection, which did not lead to a multi-agency protection plan to help the child (Davies and Duckett, 2009, 11). The framework for involving children in the CPP was raised in the â€Å"Working Together to Safeguard Children† guidelines (Cossar, 2008). It clarifies the importance of â€Å"professionals and organisations working in child protection to promote and safeguard the welfare of the child† (Hoders and Barker,2007, 4). The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families was introduced to ascertain and identify children’s needs holistically (Tuck, 2004, 45). The key features of the framework made it a consistent approach to â€Å"ensure children are listened to† in assessments and the decision making progress (Lefevre, 2010, 20). The assessment widens our knowledge of children whose needs were sometimes ignored, such as young carers, disabled children or children from ethnic minority backgrounds (Cleaver et al, 2008,16). The actions are laid out by CPP with the multi-agency Local Safeguarding Children Boards (LSCBs), which have a statutory duty to explain how organisations in every local authority will safeguard children in their vicinity (Tuck, 2004, 44). The CPP begins once child protection referrals are made, after concerns of the child’s welfare are raised from other professionals or members of the public, and the local authority decides whether an initial assessment is required (Kirton, 2009, 23). The purpose of the initial assessment is to identify whether a child is in need under Section 17 or if they may be suffering significant harm under Section 47 of the 1989 Children Act (Beckett, 2007, 17). If it is deemed necessary to ensure the safety of a child immediately, away from a parent’s care, a social worker can apply to a court to make an Emergency Protection Order under Section 44 (Munro, 2007, 40). If it becomes clear after the initial assessment that the child is at risk or likely to be harmed, then a strategy meeting will be arranged (Butler and Roberts, 2004, 297), involving professionals such as the police, social services and other agencies to share information and to decide what further action is needed immediately to safeguard the child and whether enquiries under Section 47 should be instigated (Beckett, 2007, 17). It is at this stage that local authorities have a duty to refer parents to independent advice and advocacy once inquiries commence under Section 47 (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 52). However, Butler and Roberts argue that common difficulties associated with the initial assessment and enquiries are that the child’s views can be ignored and negative assumptions about families can lead to observations being overlooked (2004, 299). Brown (1986) carried out a study of parents’ experiences of the CPP and social workers. The study depicted a major lack of clarity between parents and social workers in th e initial assessments, which created anxiety and a lack of trust for the parents (Cloke and Davies, 1995, 172; Brown, 1986). Batty and Cullen (1996) emphasise the need for social workers to play a positive role, shifting away from gathering evidence of abuse, risk and failure to promoting family strengths and supportive networks. Kirton(2009) supports this view that social workers need to be â€Å"open minded† and investigations should reflect children’s needs rather than being an assessment of scrutiny. In cases where suspected significant harm is acknowledged, a core assessment will be undertaken alongside the enquiries under Section 47 (Butler and Roberts, 2004, 298). The core assessment will identify issues raised in the initial assessment and should build a bigger picture of the entire situation (Beckett, 2007, 23). The Children’s Legal Centre (2011) stresses the importance of completing core assessments on time to reduce the harmful impact they could expose on the child or young person. It is at this stage that professionals should identify if a parent or child is disabled, as they may need help with communication to allow them to participate fully, or the use of interpreters if their first language is not English (Beckett, 2007, 23). Humphrey et al (1999) support social workers using interpreters for home visits as otherwise communicating with the service user can be problematic. Platt and Shemmings (1996) reinforce the need for professionals to be culturally sensi tive and to adopt a multicultural perspective when engaging with families from black or ethnic minority backgrounds .Social workers need to understand families from different cultural backgrounds, to recognise their cultural patterns and to disregard any preconceived ideas of black or minority families (Lefevre, 2010,13). Ultimately professionals have to adhere to the law, according to Paragraph 5.64 (DfES, 2006), to talk to the children to determine their desires and views (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin,2008, 52). This highlights the importance of â€Å"sensitivity†¦when interviewing the children† (Beckett, 2007, 23). Although children’s rights are enshrined in government legislation, Children’s Legal Centre evidence suggests that local authorities struggle to consult and engage children in the CPP in a significant way (Children’s Legal Centre, 2011). Sanders and Mace (2006) believe the problem with â€Å"policy developments is the reflection of children as passive subjects [as they are] designed to protect them because of their vulnerability†. Despite considerable work completed over recent years, encouragement to actually promote the participation of children during the assessments is relatively limited (Kirton, 2009, 30). Children’s and Young people participation in Case Conferences Concerns and problems surrounding the participation of children and young people are generally identified in case conferences. The challenge of trying to promote children’s direct participation, in a process not geared towards their involvement, is noticed intrinsically in child protection (Sanders and Mace, 2006). Younger children or those with a disability who may lack understanding are some of the many excluded from the CPP (Wells, 1993). LSCBs are actively trying to ensure the policies and services of child protection matters reflect the views of all children and young people (Woolfson et al, 2010). The purpose of the case conference is to bring together the family and professionals to share information, to acknowledge the problems of the children and family and â€Å"to tie up loose ends† (Buckley, 2003, 97). The case conference will make judgements on the possibilities of the child suffering considerable harm in the future and will decide a strategy of action (a Child Protection Plan) to safeguard the child (Butler and Roberts, 2004, 298). It is the LSCB’s duty to involve children before the conference by providing guidance in a leaflet about the conference and how it operates, and by informing the child or young person of their right to bring a friend or advocate to support them (Cossar and Long, 2008). Research demonstrates that most children and young participants hear about their case conference (Cossar et al, 2011) but are given limited information about the process (Sinclair and Franklin, 2000). Beecher, Cash and Graham (2001) examined sixteen local au thorities’ practices and found leaflets for families and professionals, but little or no indication of children’s participation. Lefevre(2010) believes that many children want to attend the conference to hear what is said about them and to have their say but they are intimidated by the ritual of the meetings. Although local authorities actively encourage children and young people to attend case conferences (Sinclair and Franklin, 2000), the negative reason of â€Å"things getting worse† was often reported for non-attendance (Cossar and Long, 2008). Cossar et al (2011) found that children felt unable to contribute in core meetings by raising questions or by being listened to. They were generally discontented with their level of participation. The focus of core meetings is usually to assess risk, with minimal time to propose therapeutic help for children (Kirton, 2009). Sanders and Mace (2006) argue that decisions are being made about the child’s life, so they should be regarded as an active member of the core group (Sanders and Mace, 2006). Woolfson et al (2010) argue that it is the professionals’ duty to identify ways of including children to learn lessons and to promote examples of good practice. There has been a recent growth in the recognition of the role of independent advocacy services supporting children or young people in case conferences. Schofield and Thoburn (1996) believe a child or young person will significantly benefit from a trusting relationship with a reliable adult to maximise their participation in the case conference. Creegan et al (2006) argue that advocacy and participation is crucial; if children and young people are to be able to participate in a meaningful way, they will require the support and encouragement from an appropriate representative. Horan and Dalrymple (2003) praise the use of advocates: â€Å"independent advocacy should be available as of right to the children and young people involved†. Local authorities are starting to acknowledge the need for children and young people to access independent advocates. Wiltshire County Council, for example, works in partnership with Barnardo’s to make certain young people’s views a nd feelings are a central and respected feature of child protection conferences (Barnardo’s, 2011). Disabled children and young people’s participation in case conferences Research shows that children and young people with disabilities are often denied the opportunity to communicate their views in case conferences (Children’s Legal Centre, 2011). Despite statistics showing that disabled children are â€Å"3.4 times [more] likely to be abuse than a non disabled child†, they are rarely involved in case conferences (Stalker et al, 2010) and they are less likely to be represented in the CPP (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin,2008, 86). Kirton (2009) argues that the need for advocacy services is particularly strong for disabled children, whilst Hothersall (2008) believes that child protection systems need to integrate an increased understanding of issues facing children with disabilities and to ensure they are suitably represented, involved and advocated in all choices affecting their lives. Some findings demonstrate that children experiencing severe communication problems were often excluded from participation because professionals lacked the training and confidence to establish their wishes and feelings (Sinclair and Franklin, 2000). Knutson et al (2004) argue that professionals’ inadequacies are detrimental to securing the rights of disabled children and to their receiving an equal service. The universally-held belief that disabled children are not abused and are not credible witnesses leads to their exclusion in the CPP (Miller, 2002). The views of disabled children and young people were raised in the Two Way Street project, which wanted to challenge the negative assumptions held by many professionals regarding disabled people. They argued that the emphasis is too much on their impairment, as opposed to listening to or finding ways to communicate with them (Joseph Rowntree, 2001). It is therefore social workers’ and other professionals’ resp onsibility to ensure, regularly, that disabled children are actively listened to and involved in the decision making process (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 85). Lefevre (2010) argues that it is important for professionals to recognise that more time needs to be spent developing young disabled people’s understanding of choice and finding creative ways to express it. How can CPP incorporate anti discriminatory elements? Many families have experienced discriminatory and insensitive services in the CPP. There is a continuing need for child protection assessments and interventions to take a holistic approach of families needs alongside the social and cultural context (Humphreys et al, 1999). It is essential for social workers to achieve effective protection of vulnerable children through engaging effectively with families and assessing the level of risk accurately (Platt and Shemmings, 37). Research has shown that black and minority children have expressed fears of being misunderstood due to language barriers (Lefevre, 2010, 35). Professionals can present good practice and challenge oppression by finding the right language to interview a bilingual child so that the child can feel empowered (Jones, 2003, 54). Hoders and Barker (2007) argue that it is the professionals’ responsibility to disregard stereotypes and assumptions, and to assess the needs of the child with understanding of the influ ences of diverse customs and religions on parents morals, behaviour and values. Social workers need to analyse whether a non-engaging parent or child has been exposed to racism and to find ways of developing a new relationship of trust (Platt and Shemmings, 1996, 32). Humphreys et al (1999) address the importance of using interpreters for families and children who are not fluent in English, to help avoid the communication issue overshadowing the CPP. The development of Family Group Conferences (FGCs) in the UK is an excellent model to empower children and families and to minimise the role of the state (Horan and Dalrymple, 2003). Although there is limited research on FGCs, they have been found to be a creative solution to provide help and change family dynamics (Kirton, 2009, 57). FGCs show a good record of success in safeguarding children, enhancing the power of the family and minimising the routine system of the CPP (O’Loughlin and O’Loughlin, 2008, 76). Sinclair and Franklin (2000) suggest FGCs enable children to participate and to influence decisions. They can be involved at the beginning of the FGC by welcoming and introducing members of their family and professionals, whom they often know best, or by helping to chair the conference (Beecher et al, 2001). However, it is the practitioner’s duty to find creative ways to give children the opportunity to express themselves in the form of a letter, draw ing or video message to elevate their voice even if they do not wish to be present (Nixon, 2002). A common theme emerging in CPP is disabled children’s barriers to communicating with professionals. For instance, a child with sensory or cognitive impairments may require different forms of communication aids, such as sign language, symbols or signs, but research shows professionals generally rely on parents’ accounts to express children’s views (Kirton, 2009,162). Noticeably, social workers are generally reluctant to engage with disabled children and fail to consult them even though statutory duties require authorities to ascertain the wishes and feelings of children (Joseph Rowntree, 2001). It is essential that social workers receive in-depth and regular training on communicating and using techniques to ensure meaningful participation for children with disabilities (Children’s Legal Centre, 2011). It is crucial for the CPP to become more sensitive and accessible to disabled children’s needs, such as by establishing helplines, advocacy or compl aint procedures (Stalker et al, 2010). Principles of good practice will ensure efforts are made to plan assessment sessions with disabled children, to provide extra time for interviewing and visits and checking facilities are adapted to the child’s needs (Jones, 2003, 63). Overall conclusions This essay has addressed the complexities of finding approaches for the empowerment and participation of children and young people in the CPP. Sinclair and Franklin (2000) suggest it is our duty as professionals to adopt a participatory culture that actively informs, consults, prepares and considers the needs of the child. As trainee social workers, we need to make sure children’s rights and needs are at the centre of our practice. We need to understand that children and young people in the CPP are vulnerable and may have experienced earlier disempowering experiences with other professionals, so being open and honest will communicate respect and a willingness to get them genuinely involved (Nixon, 2002). We need to recognise the value of providing children and young people with information and explanations to assist effective decision making and to help them make choices (Beecher et al, 2001). We need to ensure that children with impairments or disabilities are fully invo lved in making choices and are empowered to achieve better outcomes, as we would do for any child (Hoders and Barker, 2007, 66). Bibliography Adams R,Dominelli L,Payne M (2002) Social Work Themes, Issues and Critical Debates 2nd Edition, Hampshire, Palgrave, pp267-271 Barnardo’s (2011) Advocacy in child protection conference http://www.barnardos.org.uk/what_we_do/our_projects/advocacy/advocacy_child_protection_conferences.htm (Accessed 18/3/11) Batty D (2005)The Guardian, â€Å"Timeline: a history of child protection† http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2005/may/18/childrensservices2 (Accessed 26/3/11) Batty D and Cullen (1996) Child Protection The therapeutic Option BAAF,London 30-35 Bilston B (2004) A History Of Child Protection http://www.open2.net/health_socialcare/historycprot.html(Accessed 28/3/11) Barker J, Hodes D, (2007) The Child in Mind: A Child Protection Handbook 3rd Edition, 66 Barn R,Sinclair R and Ferdinand D (1997) Acting on Principle:An Examination of Race and Ethnicity in Social Services Provision for children and families.British Association of Adoption and Fostering Beckett C (2007) Child Protection An Introduction 2nd Edition London, Sage Publications 8-25 Buckley H (2003) Child Protection Work â€Å"Beyond the Rhetoric † Jessica Kingsley Publishers,London,pp95-102 Brotherton G,Davies H,McGillivray G (2010) Working with Children,Young People and Families ,London, Sage Publications 3-13 Brandon M,Schofield G,Trinder L (1998) Social Work with Children Macmillian Press, London,13-30 Butler I and Roberts G (2004) Social Work with Children and Families 2nd Edition Jessica Kingsley Publishers,London, 296-300 Dalrymple J(2002)Family Group Conferences and youth advocacy: The participation of children and young people in family decision making [electronic version] European Journal of Social Work Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 287–299 Duckett N and Davies L (2009) Proactive Child Protection and Social Work Exeter,Learning Matters pp 7-17 Cleaver H,Walker S,Scott J,Cleaver D,Rose W,Ward H,Pithouse A (2008) The Integrated Children’s System Jessica Kingsley Publishers,London,11-19, 119-122 Creegan C,Henderson G, and King C,(2006 )Children and young people’s experiences of advocacy support and participation in the Children’s Hearings System[electronic version] Cossar J and Long C (2008) Children and Young People’s Involvement in Child Protection Processes in Cambridgeshire, [electronic version]Practitioner-Led Research Project 2008 Final Report Chand A (2000) The over-representation of Black children in the child protection system: possible causes, consequences and solutions [electronic version]Child Family Social Work Vol 5 pp 67-77 Cawson P Wattam C Brooker S Kelly G (2000) Child Maltreatment in the United Kingdom: a Study of the Prevalence of Abuse and Neglect. [electronic version} Corby B(2000)Child Abuse â€Å"Towards a knowledge base† 2nd Edition Buckingham, Open University Press pp 30-44 Cossar J, Brandon M and Jordan P (2011) Office of the Children’s Commissioner Don’t make assumptions Children and Young People’s Views of the Child Protection System and messages for change Edwards H and Richardson R (2003) Child protection practice with disabled children â€Å"It doesn’t happen to disabled children† [electronic version} NSPCC Fawcett B ,Featherstone and Goddard J (2004) Contemporary Child Care Policy and Practice ,Palgrave Macmillan ,Hampshire ,51-58 Ferguson H (2004) Protecting Children in Time ,Palgrave ,Hampshire,1-35 Hallett and Prout (2003) Hearing the Voices of Children Social Policy for a New Century ,Routledge Falmer,Oxon 26-27 Horan H and Dalrymple J (2003)Promoting the Participation Rights of Children and Young People in Family Group Conferences[electronic version} Practice, 15 (2). pp. 5-13 Hear By Right (2009) Involving children and young people.An introduction[electronic version} The National Youth Agency Hothersall S, (2008) Social Work with Children and Young People and Families in Scotland 2nd Edition ,Exeter,Learning Matters Ltd 15-19 Humphreys C, Atkar and Baldwin (1999) Discrimination in child protection work: recurring themes in work with Asian families [electronic version]Child Family Social Work Vol 4 pp 283-291 Hearn J, Poso T, Smith C, White S, Korpinen J What is child protectionHistorical and methodological issues in comparative research on lastensuojelu/child protection [electronic version] Int J Soc Welfare 2004: 13: 28–41 Jones D (2003) Communicating with vulnerable children A guide for Practitioners ,London, Gaskwell 49-63 Joseph Rowntree (2001) Consulting with disabled children and young people [electronic version} Kirton D (2009) Child Social Work Policy and Practice, London, Sage Publication ltd 8-30 Marchant Rand Page M (2003) Child protection practice with disabled children â€Å"It doesn’t happen to disabled children† [electronic version} NSPCC Munro E (2007) Child Protection ,London, Sage Publication ltd 17-37 Lawerence A (2004) Principles of Child Protection â€Å"Management and Practice† Open University Press 70-75 Linklater M and Holman B (2008) Letter to The Times prompted huge response and The Children Act of 1948http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4412917.ece (Accessed 13/3/11) Lefevre M (2010) Communicating with children and young people â€Å"Making a difference† Bristol, The Policy Press,9-35 NSPCC (2010) Child protection fact sheet An introduction to child protection legislation in the UK[electronic version] Nixon P(2002)Seen but Not HeardChildren and Young People’s Participationin Family Group Decision Making: Concepts and Practice Issues, American Humane, [electronic version]Volume 22 / Number 1 O’Loughlin M and O’Loughlin S, (2008) Social Work with Children and Families 2nd Edition ,Exeter, Learning Matters Ltd 16-76 Owen H and Pritchard J (1993) Good Practice in Child Protection A Manual for Professionals Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London,39-40 Parton (2010)Child Protection and Safeguarding in England: Changing and Competing Conceptions of Risk and their Implications for Social Work[electronic version]British Journal of Social Work : 1-22 Platt D and Shemmings D (1996) Making Enquires into Alleged Child Abuse and Neglect â€Å"Partnership with Families† John Wiley and Sons pp28-35 Quiggin J (2004) Assessments of Children In Need and their families, Jessica Kingsley Publishers,London, 64-69 Sanders R,Mace S (2006) Agency Policy and the Participation of Children and Young People in the Child Protection Process [electronic version] Child Abuse Review Vol 15:89-109 Schofield, G. and Thoburn, J. (1996) Child Protection: the Child in Decision Making. London: Institute for Public Policy Research Sinclair R and Franklin A (2000) Young People’s Participation Quality Protects Research Briefing No 3 [electronic version] Department of Health, research in practice, Making Research Count Symonds A and Kelly A (1998) The Social Construction of Community Care ,London, Macmillan Press Ltd pp 231-235 Stalker K, Green P, Lister Lerpiniere J, McArthur K (2010) Child ProtectionThe Needs And Rights Of Disabled Children And Young People: A Scoping Study Faculty of Education ,University of Strathclyde Tuck V (2004) Analyzing Risk in Child Protection :A model for Assessment Jessica Kingsley Publishers ,London,pp42-47 The Children’s legal Centre (2011) Munro Review of Child Protection: Better frontline services to protect children[electronic version] Woolfson R,Heffernan E, Paul M,Brown M (2010) Young People’s Views of the Child Protection System in Scotland [electronic version]British Journal of Social Work , 40, 2069–2085 How to cite How affective is the NSPCC at protecting vulnerable children?, Essay examples

France European Community (EC) free essay sample

Examines history goals of EC French resistance cooperation. Issues discussed include legalities, economics, politics, banking, conflicts with Germany Japan and protectionism. INTRODUCTION The countries of Europe long dreamed of a Europe without borders, a Europe without trade barriers or barriers to the free flow of goods and people from one country to another. The dream came closer to a reality with the creation of the European Community and specifically with the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty as a step in an ongoing process leading one day to a Europe united in more than trade. This prospect has created fears among some, however, and some of the member states, or their leadership, have seen the developing EC as a challenge to their sense of sovereignty and autonomous rule. At present, the EC as constituted since 1992 is an economic common market, spurred to integration by the perception that only in this way would Europe be able to compete in the future against the growing. We will write a custom essay sample on France European Community (EC) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

The Complex Relationship Between Faith free essay sample

The Complex Relation between Faith and Fate In the novel A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving, numerous themes present themselves to the reader. Irving uses the idea of the relationship of faith and fate to question whether or not faith directly shapes our fate, creating the idea that believing in God in a world with no faith completely absurd. As the novel unfolds, you begin to understand ‘special purpose’ each character serves can only be told in the way God decides. When Owen Meany is on stage portraying the ghost of Christmas yet to come he approaches the gravestone prop, stops, and suddenly faints. He later awakens, as the curtains fall only to realize that the name he read on the gravestone is his own. Scared, he knew he had been given a glimpse into his future. â€Å"It made (Owen) furious when I suggested that anything was an ‘accident’ – especially anything that happened to him; on the subject of predestination, Owen Meany would accuse Calvin of bad faith. We will write a custom essay sample on The Complex Relationship Between Faith or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were no accidents. (Irving 66) Owen has a very strong sense of faith and believed that this directly affected his fate and the fates of others and because Owen believes he is an ‘instrument of God’ and that there are no accidents. Everything dealing with Owen is fated to occur. As did others in the novel, Sagamore, John’s mother (Tabitha), John’s grandmother, and others all become symbols of things foreshadowed to die because they lost their faith at some point throughout the novel. Another example of faith shaping fate is when Mr. Fish taught Owen and John to play football because he had no children of his own. Irving uses this biblical allusion to show how faith is directly tied to fate. Mr. Fish had given up hope in Owen’s ability to kick a football and this led to the fate of Sagamore because, those who lost their faith became ill willed or suffered a fate only destiny could have imagined, much like Sagamore and the diaper truck. As Owen Meany became ‘God’s instrument’ in the death of Sagamore, he also served the same role in taking the life John’s mother, Tabitha, who suffered the fate of a baseball to the head. But was this an accident of fate or was it a lack there of? At the end of the novel Rev. Merrill revealed to John that he was his father, and it was John, who in the end restored his faith. It however, was the death of Tabitha that caused his lack of faith. The Rev. Merrill believes that he caused her death because, he had wished for it. Or maybe, it is his fate, that Tabitha was destined to die. Owen Meany believed that there were no such things as coincidences and that fate is the ultimate reason. Irving wrote it this way to show how faith and fate are interconnected. Most people have faith that God decides what happens to you; this is fate. There were many people in this novel that lost their faith. John’s grandmother had lost her faith after John’s mother had died which, foreshadowed her death. And maybe Owen himself, who had confidence in John to believe in faith, fated that Owen too would become another victim of fate. Which makes us think, what is it that actually contains a story of religion and fate, are they linked, or are they two things we can never know together? However, one thing is certain, the belief that if faith is lost; fate will not be so kind. Works Cited Irving, John. A Prayer for Owen Meany. New York: Ballantine Books, 1990. Print

Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments Essay Example

Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments Essay Example Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments Essay Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments Essay When the topic of pollution comes about, most people usually attribute it to air pollution. Air pollution is usually the first thing people think of because it is the highly debated form of pollution that occurs in most urban settings. What some people may not realize is that it is only one form of pollution that takes place. Pollution also exists in soil, water, light and noise. While these topics are known, some are not as readily discussed as much as the others. Noise pollution is often a topic not mentioned though is a problem in a lot of cities in the world. Through many years, many cities have seen the problem and have either added to it or made solutions to contain or reduce it. Noise pollution, while not always the most prevalent form of pollution discussed, is an important factor in the sustainability of a city and its citizens. In order to begin to discuss how noise pollution is important to the city it has to be defined. The definition of the word â€Å"noise† according to the Merrian-Webster’s dictionary is â€Å"any sound that is undesired or interferes with ones hearing of something. So for something to be polluted of noise is for it to be disturbed by sounds from someone or something. You can attribute the phrase â€Å"noise pollution† to just about anything. If you are in a crowded room with everyone talking, the room is being polluted by noise. This same concept comes when you are defining noise pollution to a city. What in a city causes it to be surrounded by noise? In reality, almost everything in a ci ty in one way or another contributes to noise pollution. Around the world, most major cities have tried their best to add all the things that most other major cities have and sustain it as best as possible. Things like public transportation, land usage, businesses, and highways are just certain factors that are made to create a city into a striving place that can prosper and be a model to other areas of interest. All these things bring the problem that most major cities face, including noise pollution. So what are the biggest factors that contribute to air pollution? The biggest contributors are when cities are nearby highways with traffic, airports, railroads, manufacturing plants or factories, areas of construction or destruction and even things like open concert venues Mayntz). Most cities have these structures centralized in their areas or very close to the area. Something these parts of the city have in common is amount of noise they produce. Vehicles in highways are making noise while they drive, planes with huge engines leaving and entering airports have high rates of sound, construction and destruction is noisy, trains are loud, factories usually have some noise from machinery a nd concerts are meant to play loud music. All these factors combined create in themselves a single loud noise that can surround their area. Though noise is a daily occurrence in most people’s lives, it is important that we see why it is a problem amongst people and a city as a whole. What some people don’t realize is that noise pollution is like air pollution and water pollution. It can have effects on the health and mental state of people living in and around cities that have issues with it. There have been many studies that have linked noise pollution with different type of health issues. Many people who live near cities that have high amounts of noise pollution often incur stress related illnesses, high blood pressure, hearing loss, sleep reduction, and even speech interference (EPA 1). Perhaps the most evident health issue that people have Noise Induced Hear Loss, or NIHL. Though many things in someone’s life can lead to a reduction in their hearing, many connections have been made toward noise pollution in cities have made the likeliness of it more prevalent (Suter 14). While noise pollution will not cause these things in everyone who lives near city or goes to one a lot in their life, the many connections made in many cities around the world to people who have some of these issues is very evident. By causing health and mental issues to the people, it then goes on to affect how a city is built and ran, or how it would have to change how it is going to stop it. The first part in how noise pollution is important to a city is on where it is created. As stated earlier, a large contributor to noise problems are highways. When creating a city that wants to be highly impacted by those who commute from places like suburbs or the countryside, there will need to be some sort of highway to get people there. That’s why most major cities have multiple highways or freeways that are nearby or even pass through them. With the amount of traffic the highways could endure, noise eventually rises. Poor planning on a city is how they maintain the noise pollution that comes from a highway. Reducing speed limits has shown to make a gradual decrease in noise. The problems that cities face when trying to reduce speeds is in more traffic congestion, which leads to poor transportation and air pollution. Many cities still seem to support the call for the end to noise pollution. Recently, many people who are living in cities near highways in Switzerland are lobbying heavily to make regulations on noise pollutions from highways stricter. They are calling for more sound-proof barriers along the highways, which is also something done to reduce noises from traffic. It is quite staggering how much people are willing to stop noise pollution at all cost. There have been many countries in Europe that have even been willing to pay more on their taxes to have their money go towards efforts that would reduce noise pollutions in their cities. In 2005, residents in urban developments near Spain were willing to pay four Euros per decibel a year to reduce noise in their neighborhoods (Viladrich-Grau 1). This not just meant highway reduction but also railroad noise and airport traffic. This leads into another problem with poor planning in cities and noise pollution: neighborhoods. Many large cities have begun to build more residential areas in the area of the downtown metropolitan areas. Housing in the area is made to cut some commuting for some people. The tradeoff can be that they must endure the noise pollution that the city can cause. Most suburbs aren’t even that safe from the causes of noise pollution. Looking at just here in Los Angeles County there are many cities that reside next to highways and railroads. There are even some that are within miles of airports, such as Bob Hope Airport in Burbank. Burbank is a city north of Los Angeles that has many residential areas and other cities with residential areas. There are many examples of areas that have these problems, especially dealing with the sounds coming from loud jets in airports. Tons of residents in the cities surrounding London’s Heathrow Airport made complaints of problems from jets, but little has still been done to change the effects from it. Road and airport noise are the biggest concerns when it comes to noise pollution. When cities begin to grow, we eventually grow into people living near or using these things every day. Cities have to deal with noise pollution no matter what. There have been some very famous cases of residents or local governments trying to fight noise pollution and the effects it has. Most new cities cannot avoid having noise problems, it is something that is almost inevitable with cities as they try to become more modernized and offer more to their citizen and those who wish to visit. In terms of vehicle noise, more has been done to reduce this in cities than other forms of noise pollution. Since most cities have to have roads and highways to be accessible, this is the number one concern to most people. Cities have begun to plan strategies to reduce noise pollution in all its form. This is called noise mitigation. Most cities have been helped in reducing noise pollution thanks to the introduction and growing popularity of the hybrid car. Though a big help, the hybrid car is still not even close to being used by most commuters. To help reduce noise on the road, places have made changes to their speed restrictions, road materials, and even technology in barriers that reduce sound. The city of Melbourne, Australia has had a very unique approach to reducing their noise pollution from highways that are close to communities near the Flemington area. The highway passing through this area is covered by a barrier made of bars. The design, while looking stylish, is made to reduce the sound made from vehicles passing through the road. The sound tube has successfully made noise from the road less heard by the people living near it. Melbourne has plans to add more noise reducing structures to their highways soon. It is plans like this that help the people living in areas around Melbourne to not worry about the effects of sound pollution. While commuter vehicles are a cause of noise pollution, so is city maintained public transportation. Many cities have made sure that routes for their bus or rail systems are following sound levels set by their governments and other programs. Dating as far back to the 1970s, computer models have allowed city public transportation authorities to plan out their routes and lines to make sure that they keep sound to lower levels (Kutz 1). The Boston Metropolitan Transportation Authority, San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit, Houston Light Rail system, and Portland’s Beaverton light rail line have used this technology to have their buses and light rails reduce their noise levels and avoid areas where it can affect people the most. Road noise is the most common of the noise most cities face. As mentioned before, there is also the problem of airlines and airports. This however is more difficult to maintain as trying to reduce noise from an aircraft requires the companies that make the jets and airplanes to drastically change the way they build their machines. It has come to a point that no company would seek to drastically renew their engines for the sake of sound. The only way that airplane noise can be reduced is by city planning, flight time regulations or residential sound proofing (Suter 22). In terms of city planning, the idea is to have the developments of your city a good distance from airports. While a central business district may not be affected as much, it should still be a good distance from areas of that sort. The main concern is residential areas as they have the more population that are permanent and therefore can be affected by the problems associated with noise pollution. If neighborhoods were able to be a good distance from airports, the effects of their sound pollution would decrease or even be nonexistent. Unfortunately as cities expand, they go into whatever area was trying to be maintained to be a cushion from airport sounds. As cities expand or are near airports, regulations to come into place to soundproof the homes in the area. Here in the United States, the government took measures into seeing that the cities and towns surrounding airports would soundproof homes and businesses. The Federal Aviation Administration began projects in 1979 to insulate buildings so that they would be able to reduce noise from nearby airports. Over many years, the program created many soundproof residential areas that made homes and buildings with things like window glazing, fireplace baffling, and caulking construction seams (ASNAA 1). Canada has also made neighboring city developments to soundproof the area if it is in certain proximity to an airport using Noise Exposure Forecast (NEF). As mentioned with the London Heathrow Airport, the problem persist as homes are too close to airport landing sites that it is almost nearly impossible for the cities to greatly decrease the noise pollution problems. What some cities don’t realize that while the noise mitigation is useful for their citizens, it is also helpful to the environment that may surround them. The term â€Å"going green† is popular now as fears of global warming and dwindling resources are a reality. What most people don’t realize is that noise pollution is also something that needs to be taken care of when â€Å"going green. † Many cities across the world have made efforts to help the environment, and what they don’t realize is that though noise pollution seems like a problem just for humans that it is also an nvironmental issue. Many groups around the world have fought for cities and even countries as a whole to maintain themselves when it comes to noise issues. Most major cities in the U. S. and other countries have groups that are dedicated to reducing the noise pollution in their area or areas close to nature. The reason why they fight for noise mitigation near nature is that just as humans are affected by noise pollution, so are animal wildlife. Studies have shown strange activity from many species of animal when presented to areas that have issues with noise pollution. The Los Angeles area has a group named Citizens Against Noise whose motto, according to their website, is â€Å"To fight all kinds of noise pollution. To educate the public about the connection between noise and stress, and how it lower the quality of life and damages both your physical and mental health. To lobby lawmakers and pressure the authorities to solve the problem of excessive noise. † The group is also dedicated to helping areas around nature to reduce their noise pollution even more. There are many more groups that have the same goal, such as Alaska’s â€Å"Quiet Rights Coalition,† British Colombia’s â€Å"Ban the Canon Initiative† and Hong Kong’s â€Å"Hush the Bus Movement. † All these groups are helping cities find the balance to make sure noise pollution doesn’t affect their lives and nature anymore. This is how everything eventually fits into how planning and sustaining a city. All types of pollution are tied into each other. Most air pollution is contributed from traffic congestion and emissions from factories and plants. These emissions from factories and plants can also cause water and soil pollution if it is close to the source. These things can also have an effect on light pollution as traffic and a building’s lights are ongoing. The one thing that these things will always seem to have in common is the characteristic of noise. When it comes to making a city run well, you have to try and keep these things nonexistent or to the lowest possible point of affecting anyone. It would seem that the dream of developers is to try to make themselves a city that can be sustainable and profitable. Cities seem to be made to centralize business, pleasure, and home. The problem with cities though is that sometimes they are planned to be something and then eventually over time becomes something else. Cities begin to grow into different areas; they can sometimes see an increase in population that may not be able to handle it and even can unforeseen events that cause distress. With noise pollution, it seems that it is something that can’t be avoided to make a city run with many things that create the issue. So as it becomes almost necessary to bring in different types of pollution, it leads the solution to be brought up by the cities itself. Just like the current situation in Switzerland, regulations for noise pollution may be passed by the government but if something else is not regulated it then something should be done about it. Luckily, citizens of cities who are affected by the issue are taking a stand and demanding that something be done to reduce the noise. They are striving to make their city more sustainable. By attempting to create some sort of noise mitigation, they help the citizens of the area and also to whatever else it could possibly be affecting, i. e. nature. That is why so many groups are active in trying to bring forth the subject of noise pollution. It is unwanted and unhealthy for many. A city that reduces this problem will be more desirable to live in or work in. With more people doing that, it creates an effective chain of work that could eventually lead to other parts of the city such as other forms of pollution and sustaining things like transportation, business, and human activity. Noise mitigation is an essential part to making a city sustainable. Cities that have been planned poorly or are crumbling to the effects of it show a lack of sustainability. Many examples have shown that some minor and major changes to structure or regulation are all that it takes to make a difference in reducing noise issues. Most people should be concerned about this issue as health and mental states are at risk. We also have to think about how it is affecting nature. Some cities have taken the initiative to try and mitigate the problem, but some who have serious issues with it have not done a thing or failed at their attempts. Though the issue may be lack of resources or funds to create projects for noise mitigation, it should still be seen as a concern as cities continue to expand and populations grow. With no sustainability with noise, the growing population and nature will be dealing with more issues than those of greenhouse gasses and violence. : Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Act of 1979. 1979. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . CITIZENS AGAINST NOISE (C. A. N. ) Los Angeles, California. Free HOA Websites, Neighborhood Websites, Homeowners Association Websites, Condo Websites, and Community Websites Neighborhood Link. Web. 21 Apr. 2011. . Kutz, Myer. Handbook of Transportation Engineering. New York, NY [u. a. : McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. Mayntz, Melissa. Types of Pollution. Major Environmental Issues | Going Green. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Melbourne Planning Proposals. Melbourne: VicRoads. Web. 22 Apr. 2011. . Noise Pollution | Air and Radiation | US EPA. US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 Apr. 2011. . Open Directory Society: Issues: Environment: Noise Pollution. ODP Open Directory Project. Web. 21 Apr. 2011. . Suter, Alice H. Noise and Its Effects. Rep. Administrative Con ference of the United States. Web. 25 Apr. 2011. . WRS | Noise Pollution Persists despite Federal Rules. World Radio Switzerland. 27 Apr. 2011. Web. 28 Apr. 2011. .

Differences Between Correlation and Causation

Differences Between Correlation and Causation One day at lunch a young woman was eating a large bowl of ice cream, and a fellow faculty member walked up to her and said, â€Å"You had better be careful, there is a high statistical correlation between ice cream and drowning.† She must have given him a confused look, as he elaborated some more. â€Å"Days with the most sales of ice cream also see the most people drown.† When she had finished my ice cream the two colleagues discussed the fact that just because one variable is statistically associated with another, it doesn’t mean that one is the cause of the other. Sometimes there is a variable hiding in the background. In this case, the day of the year is hiding in the data. More ice cream is sold on hot summer days than snowy winter ones. More people swim in the summer, and hence more drown in the summer than in the winter. Beware of Lurking Variables The above anecdote is a prime example of what is known as a lurking variable. As its name suggests, a lurking variable can be elusive and difficult to detect. When we find that two numerical data sets are strongly correlated, we should always ask, â€Å"Could there be something else that is causing this relationship?† The following are examples of strong correlation caused by a lurking variable: The average number of computers per person in a country and that country’s average life expectancy.The number of firefighters at a fire and the damage caused by the fire.The height of an elementary school student and his or her reading level. In all of these cases, the relationship between the variables is a very strong one.  This is typically indicated by a correlation coefficient that has a value close to 1 or to -1.  It does not matter how close this correlation coefficient is to 1 or to -1, this statistic cannot show that one variable is the cause of the other variable. Detection of Lurking Variables By their nature, lurking variables are difficult to detect. One strategy, if available, is to examine what happens to the data over time. This can reveal seasonal trends, such as the ice cream example, that get obscured when the data is lumped together. Another method is to look at outliers and try to determine what makes them different than the other data. Sometimes this provides a hint of what is happening behind the scenes. The best course of action is to be proactive; question assumptions and design experiments carefully. Why Does It Matter? In the opening scenario, suppose a well-meaning but statistically uninformed congressman proposed to outlaw all ice cream in order to prevent drowning. Such a bill would inconvenience large segments of the population, force several companies into bankruptcy, and eliminate thousands of jobs as the country’s ice cream industry closed down. Despite the best of intentions, this bill would not decrease the number of drowning deaths. If that example seems a little too far fetched, consider the following, which actually happened. In the early 1900s, doctors noticed that some infants were mysteriously dying in their sleep from perceived respiratory problems. This was called crib death and is now known as SIDS. One thing that stuck out from autopsies performed on those who died from SIDS was an enlarged thymus, a gland located in the chest. From the correlation of enlarged thymus glands in SIDS babies, doctors presumed that an abnormally large thymus caused improper breathing and death. The proposed solution was to shrink the thymus with high does of radiation, or to remove the gland entirely. These procedures had a high mortality rate and led to even more deaths. What is sad is that these operations didn’t have to have been performed. Subsequent research has shown that these doctors were mistaken in their assumptions and that the thymus is not responsible for SIDS. Correlation Does Not Imply Causation The above should make us pause when we think that statistical evidence is used to justify things such as medical regimens, legislation, and educational proposals. It is important that good work is done in interpreting data, especially if results involving correlation are going to affect the lives of others. When anyone states, â€Å"Studies show that A is a cause of B and some statistics back it up,† be ready to reply, â€Å"correlation does not imply causation.† Always be on the lookout for what lurks beneath the data.

Viewing Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Viewing Art - Essay Example The majority of the art produced by Soviet artists was created to support the ideals of the government and make their communism present in every part of the culture, especially the visual arts. Soviet art of the period consisted of pictures of workers farming, working in factories, or similar actions. In one way, it was good because they pictured women working alongside men which reinforced the idea of equality, but there is very little difference between the characters. They all look the same, which reinforces the Soviet idea that a person was only as valuable as their work to the state (â€Å"Into the 20th Century†). Examples of art used to oppress people are not limited to despotic foreign countries. Sometimes art can be used to reinforce social customs that are discriminatory or racist. The American film Birth of a Nation has been credited with justifying racism and discrimination against African Americans in the America south. The movie tells a fictional account of the fo unding of the Ku Klux Klan and how it was started to protect good white southerners against the black Union soldiers after the American Civil War. Birth of a Nation expressed a mythology about the southern United States and its identity that was not true and justified the use of violence and mistreatment of African Americans. In fact, the movie has been credited with reviving the Ku Klux Klan, which by then had already become inactive (Armstrong). Visual art was also used before the American Civil War to promote an idea of how the south was and to cover up the cruelty of slavery. Many landscape paintings of southern plantations did not picture slaves, instead focusing on the beautiful buildings and crops of the owners. Other landscape artists did paint African slaves into their pictures, but sometimes pictured them working happily alongside white workers. These representations perpetuated an idea of the American south as a peaceful, prosperous part of a country, whose slave owners w ere kind and whose slaves were happy (Mack). With all the time that people spend looking at art and interacting with it, we do not step back enough to wonder about what a piece of art or a piece of graphic design is saying to us. Most of the time, we simply respond. A good deal of art created in modern society is designed to get people to do things: to click on a banner, to buy something, to inspire feelings of patriotism or anger. Advertisers depend on the fact that the viewing public will not really step back and evaluate how an advertisement is trying to manipulate them and that they will just respond and click, or buy something, or vote a certain way. Claude Monet’s painting â€Å"Regate a Argenteuil† is a masterpiece that communicates more than the simple coercive ideas behind Soviet art and art in advertising. Monet’s impressionism was about replicating the experience of seeing something commonplace, rather than the realistic reproduction of grand and hero ic or mythological events as was popular in the 19th century. This painting, in particular, is not a realistic rendering of sailboats on the river Seine. The We Museum website calls it a â€Å"bold simplification† in which Monet was trying to capture the mood of boots sailing on a beautiful day (Pioch). Monet attempted, in this painting, to communicate that mood and his understanding that

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 47

Reflection paper - Essay Example a tourism manager in the future, I can devise better means and/or give travellers gadgets in which they can record their travelling experiences including taking photos and recording videos. The conversation presented in this article reflects to my personal travelling experiences, which can be used to formulate tourism management strategies in future. Heat-Moon ascertains that the American topography is diverse and thus travellers should try and visit the various types of American landscapes. Caputo adds that travelling in America is best experience, compared to other countries (Caputo and Heart-Moon, 2013). In the past two years, I have travelled across many parts of the country and I have seen that America is gifted with a wide range of landscapes. The deserts in New Mexico and mountains in Arizona are incredibly unique and outstanding, compared to other parts of the world. As you travel, you will meet different people who will change your worldviews and perspectives. As Caputo recounts, I can argue that that travelling in America exposes you to different types of â€Å"social landscapes.† The conversation brings forth the aspect of different characteristics of a tourist and a traveller. When you plan to visit places as a tourist, you often use the main roads and superhighways, as Caputo recounts (Caputo and Heart-Moon, 2013). His colleague adds that a tourist will never use the back roads like the travellers. In the past, my personal travels were not that enjoyable because most of the times we used the main roads. However, when I changed my travel plans and became a traveller, I enjoyed the diverse American landscapes and people. Therefore, it’s much better to become a traveller rather than a tourist who is always on time budgets and visits specific places. Keeping record helps in deepening the experiences when you share them with your friends and family. Based on the conversation and my personal travelling experience, I can advise tourism managers with means

Feminism is for Everybody Essay Example for Free

Feminism is for Everybody Essay Feminism is a social, cultural, moral and political advocacy encompassed on gender issues such as inequality. In this regard there are several writings that concerns the principles of feminism. The contents of literary works about feminism vary, some writers intend to advocate for the very cause of feminism blindingly, some authors, conversely, intend to provide information about feminism in a non-political or non-equalitarian manner. One such notable content can be found in Bell Hooks publication, Feminism is for Everybody. Hooks book gives the reader a whole different perspective on the radical feminist theory. The primary intention of her book is to bring the feminist point-of-view to non-believers, apathetics and unfamiliar. Hooks also counters the popular notion regarding feminism as she feels that these notions should be given proper attention and correction. In this manner, the common misconception on the ideas of feminism will be clear to society. In the book, Feminism is for everybody, the author rejects the usual beliefs connected to feminism and considers such belief as nothing more than a myth. Hooks puts the arguments and advocacies of feminism in a summarized manner in order to provide a simpler context to readers as well as well as a new concept of what feminism should be. Hooks new concept of feminism suggests a fight against stiff sexism in a benevolent society, thereby ultimately advocating for an inclusive movement. In Feminism is for Everybody, Hooks traces the roots of the feminist movement and gives detail on what it has achieved so far. an advocacy minus the associations of anti-sexism (Hooks, 2000). The historical background of feminism is given in order to put emphasis on the misconstrusion that happened along the way and to give way to the new concept of the movement. Hooks raises the question is feminist a philosophical belief or a political cause, given that the author tackles the arguments of the radical feminists. The debate whether feminism is a philosophical belief or a political cause can also be caused by one of the books chapters tackling gender oppression. The basis may be seen on the idea typecasting male as the enemy, the categorization of man as the oppressor and woman is the oppressed is the primary reason behind feminisms second wave, however, Hooks also does not take away the fact that females are also responsible for such opression given that it took time for the supposed oppresed to spearhead for change (Hooks, 2007). Hooks furthers this by giving the past mistakes of feminism and the misleading beliefs that feminists associated themselves with. This is on the account that most feminists focus on the problem and not on the solution. In a personal account, I am taken to a different world as far as feminism is concerned, primarily because Bell Hooks gives a different appraoch in discussing the cause of feminism. It is also notable that the author diminished the complexities of the feminist thought but still detailed enough to get me educated. The book caused me to reconsider my prior beliefs regarding the arguments presented by feminists. The non-traditional manner of Hooks presentation eliminated my angst towards feminists and made me realize that it is time for change, Hooks compelled me to believe that it is time to dispose of the misleading conventional feminist beliefs of the past and focus on the current issues, moreover, Hooks made me believe that feminism is indeed for everybody. References Hooks, B. (2000). Feminism is for Everybody. Cambridge: South End Press.

Grapes of Wrath :: essays papers

Grapes of Wrath In John Steinbeck’s epic, The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family is the example of the working class family during the 1930s. The novel depicts the Joad family as they are struggling to move from an infertile farm in Oklahoma to the gold coast of California. They are driven off of their farm by not only the â€Å"dust-bowl†, but because they can’t pay the mortgage to the banks, despite their hard work. Work is a very important theme in the book. Steinbeck is describing a family whose livelihood comes from working on the land. This has two meanings. The first describes their jobs as farmers who are literally working on the land to make it produce crops. The second meaning however is much deeper; it describes the actual process that farmers such as the Joads go through on the farm. They â€Å"work† the land by cultivating it and treating the soil the right way. They put their own blood, sweat, and tears into the land. In return the land sprouts crops, which they would then sell for money. The land however is destroyed by the dust bowl and the Joads have no place to work. They are skilled only for the farm. This is the first idea that Steinbeck gives about work. He shows a family with a skill, but in a place where the skill had no worth. Al seems to be knowledgeable about fixing cars, but for the most part, the only way that the Joads have, or can survive is as farmers. This is a direct statement on what the Industrial revolution was doing to America in the time period. The jobs on the farm that were done by hand were becoming machine tasks. Steinbeck makes a very blatant statement against the machines that came about and blamed them for much of what happens to the Joads that force them to leave the land. Steinbeck doesn’t only use the machines as the machine that literally forces the Joads off of their farms, but also incorporates the ideas that the big businesses are using the machine to do the jobs of the actual farm families. Work is what the driver of the tractor had to do when he comes to remove the Joads from the land in Chapter Five.

Bargaining power of supplier Essay

Bargaining power of supplier is also known as the amount of control your suppliers have over the price of goods you purchase dictates whether this area is an opportunity or threat. This is driven by the number of suppliers of each essential input; uniqueness of their product or service; relative size and strength of the supplier, and cost of switching from one supplier to another. In this case, Minbaochong Sdn Bhd is the supplier of Eight Eleven, the largest chain of twenty-four hour grocery stores in Malaysia. MinBao brand is one of the most popular brands of bread in Malaysia which supposed to give Minbaochong Sdn Bhd a strong bargaining power. However the tremendous mistake made by Kelvin Tan, the sales manager of Minbaochong Sdn Bhd, closed a deal with Eight Eleven by offering them a price concession and allowing them to offer a 400 gram loaf of MinBao bread for RM3.00 instead of its recommended retail price of RM3.20. This strategy causes sales of MinBao bread in supermarkets an d other outlets declined significantly and resulted Eight Eleven is now accounted for one-third of Minbaochong’s sales. Further, the company already burdened by debt acquired in its recent spin off was on the edge of bankruptcy lower the bargaining power of Minbaochong Sdn Bhd. The bargaining power is now with Eight Eleven as Eight Eleven controlling one-third of Minbaochong’s sales and even Minbaochong Sdn Bhd terminate the contract and stop supplying bread to Eight Eleven, it does not affect much to Eight Eleven because they have its own house brand or there is greater presence of substitute inputs for Eight Eleven means the extent to which it is possible to switch to another supplier for an input or a close substitute, thus it results the bargaining power of suppliers, Minbaochong Sdn Bhd become lower. Competitive rivalry The intensity of rivalry among competitors in an industry refers to the extent to which firms within an industry put pressure on one another and limit each other’s profit potential. Competitive rivalry affects the competitive environment and influences the ability of existing firms to achieve profitability. High intensity of rivalry means competitors are aggressively targeting each other’s markets and aggressively pricing products. This represents potential costs to all competitors within the  industry. High intensity of competitive rivalry can make an industry more competitive and decrease profit potential for the existing firms. On the other hand, low intensity of competitive rivalry makes an industry less competitive and increases profit potential for the existing firms. In this case, the competitive rivalry is low because competitors have unequal size. Eight Eleven was the largest chain of twenty-four hour grocery stores scattered all over Malaysia. By having nume rous branches of grocery store leads to the great advantages against other competitors. Besides that, Eight eleven had a strong strategy that preventing them to receive any threats from rival. â€Å"Every Day Low Price† Although the product selling by Eight Eleven is lack of differentiation and Eight Eleven have high fixed cost due to numerous branches in Malaysia, but Eight Eleven is well known among the market and able to offer a lower price compare to other grocery stores due to large number of stocks held by Eight Eleven. This will eventually enhance the brand loyalty of Eight Eleven’s customer as customer switching costs are high. Hence the competitive rivalry is low due to Eight Eleven is the main driver of the grocery stores and had established a strong market base in Malaysia.

Antigone Mock Trial Essay

For you to find the Defendant guilty of the crime of Contempt, you must be convinced that the prosecution has proved one of the following beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) the Defendant misbehaved in the King’s presence or so near thereto as to obstruct the administration of justice; or (2) the Defendant disobeyed or resisted a process, order, rule, decree, or command of the King. For those who don’t remember the play clearly, here is a brief summary: Antigone completes the story of the family of Oedipus the King of Thebes, who kills his father and marries his mother. Following the death of Oedipus, his sons Eteocles and Polyneices are to rule Thebes alternately. Eteocles assumes the throne first, but when Polyneices’ turn comes, Eteocles refuses to yield the throne. Polyneices attacks Thebes, and he and Eteocles die in the battle. Creon assumes the throne and gives Eteocles a hero’s burial, but commands that Polyneices be allowed to rot in the open since he is a traitor to the state. Antigone, Polyneices’ sister, throws a handful of dust on the corpse as a symbolic burial. Creon orders her imprisoned. Under the urging of his son Haemon, who is Antigone’s fiancee, Creon relents, but before he can free Antigone she kills herself. Haemon and Creon’s wife Eurydice also commit suicide. Witness for the Defense (Ismene, Haimon, and Tiresias) Responsibilities You will serve as a defense witness for Antigone throughout the trial. Preparation Before the trial, you will create an affidavit as a witness for the defense (your testimony of what you think happened). This affidavit should be one-page in length and typed neatly. When your affidavit is complete, meet with the Defense Attorneys and discuss your testimony. Give a copy of your affidavit to all attorneys and judges (me) by ____________________. On Trial Make sure you know your character & testimony well enough to be that person in class. After the trial, turn in your final copy of the affidavit with both of your names on it. Post Trial Write an essay explaining the whether you believe the verdict is fair or not based on your interpretation (the interpretation of your character) of what happened in the play and in the mock trial. Essays must be 4 paragraphs in length. Witness for the Prosecution (Sentry, Creon, Choragos) Responsibilities You will serve as a prosecuting witness throughout the trial (Antigone is guilty of the charge). Preparation Before the trial, you and will create an affidavit as a witness for the defense (your testimony of what you think happened). This affidavit should be one-page in length and typed neatly. When your affidavit is complete meet with the Defense Attorneys and discuss your testimony. Give a copy of your affidavit to all attorneys and judges (me) by ___________________. On Trial Make sure you know your character & testimony well enough to be that person in class. After the trial, turn in your final copy of the affidavit with both your names on it. Post Trial Write an essay explaining the whether you believe the verdict is fair or not based on your interpretation (the interpretation of your character) of what happened in the play and in the mock trial. Essays must be 4 paragraphs in length. Antigone Responsibilities Create an affidavit (what you think happened) for your testimony. At the end of your testimony, enter a plea of guilty or not guilty and explain your reasoning. Craft your persona around how Antigone is presented in the text. Strive to imitate her, based on any evidence the text gives about her personality and habits. Preparation Before the trial, you must create your affidavit, which should be one page in length and written or typed neatly. Make a copy of your plea (guilty or not guilty) and your reasoning and submit it to the prosecution (you can just give them your affidavit). Work with the defense attorneys to develop a case in your favor. On Trial At the beginning of the trial, you will stand with the defense attorneys and enter your plea. Make sure you know your character & testimony well enough to be that person in class. Again, use the book as your guide! Post Trial Write an essay explaining the whether you believe the verdict is fair or not based on your interpretation (the interpretation of your character) of what happened in the play and in the mock trial. Essays must be 4 paragraphs in length. Prosecuting and Defense Attorneys Responsibilities Review the affidavits given to you by witnesses and decide how to formulate your questions to best serve your argument. Develop an opening statement, closing statement, and a list of questions to ask each witness to help you win the case. Preparation With your team of attorneys and witnesses, complete a case outline (see attached) to develop your argument using textual evidence from the play. You will question the witnesses during the trial, so work with your attorneys and witnesses to create examination questions to best serve your argument. Your examination should create a witness testimony of approximately 5 minutes. On Trial You will give your opening statement, examine your witnesses using the examination questions you developed with your team of attorneys, and give your closing statement. After the trial, turn in your exanimation questions and your case outline with your name on it. Post Trial Write an essay explaining the whether you believe the verdict is fair or not based on your interpretation (the interpretation of your role in the trial) of what happened in the play and in the mock trial. Essays must be 4 paragraphs in length. Jurors Responsibilities Create a brochure using Microsoft Publisher reporting the crime, including quotes from the text, articles, and pictures. Decide a final verdict of Guilty or Not Guilty Preparation While others are preparing their roles for the trial, you will on your brochure using Microsoft Publisher reporting Antigone’s crime. Be sure to include a name for your brochure, a large & catchy headline, articles, and relevant pictures. On Trial Listen attentively to all testimonies & statements given. Take notes (see attached). You must have these in order to create a final verdict of guilty or not guilty and your explanation. After the trial, meet & vote with your fellow jurors to decide what verdict you will submit to the judge (Guilty or Not Guilty). After the trial, submit your final verdict with trial notes attached.

Northwestern University Application for MBA †Example Essay

Northwestern University Application for MBA – Example Essay Free Online Research Papers Northwestern University Application for MBA Example Essay 1.Briefly assess your career progress to date. Elaborate on your future career plans and your motivation for pursuing a graduate degree at Kellogg. (one to two pages double-spaced) Since I had worked in the product department of xxx, the yearly income was $xx million in 19xx, my major problem was a lack of knowledge in Finance and Management. Upon graduation from undergraduate studies, I was employed in the Management Planning Team. Because I did not have the background in business administration from majoring in xxx Literature in undergraduate, I realized the difficulty in grasping the concept of general company matters,marketing analysis, and setting up the short and long-term marketing plan. When I participated in the future development of xxx and sales project for 10 months that began in February 19xx, I realized that I was incapable of successfully performing my duties as an Assistant Manager with 8 staff members for a project in which the company heavily depended upon. It was then that I had realized what special talent was needed to become a successful manager. For instance, while analyzing xxx, xxx’s technological advantage and marketing strategies, I realized the importance of learning Marketing Research and Strategy. I also realized the importance of Financial Management and Corporate Financial Policies when planning sales and marketing strategies for the future sales of xxx and strategies for i ncreasing our market. Through these experiences, I became strongly motivated to applying to your college. I am applying to Kellogg in order to develop my management talent and abilities. Through the various advanced management theories and the LEAP and GIM programs offered at Kellogg, I hope to cultivate practical problem-solving skills. By selecting courses in my major such as management strategy, finance, and entrepreneurship, I intend to establish a firm and fundamental framework of business management knowledge that is essential to my career. And if possible, I will obtain summer internships at McKinsey and A.T. Kearney while enrolled at Kellogg, and attempt to gain an understanding of U.S. corporate culture, which will be essential to my international experience.Upon graduation from Kellogg, I plan to be the most representative person at xxx. by learning and applying the strategies of these large growing global corporations in Chicago, and if possible I would like to analyze our competitors, xxx and xxx. I would also like to have experience with the U.S. market and its’ customer characteristics in preparation for future plan of xxx to set up xxx subsidiaries in U.S. I plan to work for 5 years at xxx. after graduation from Kellogg, by improving xxx so that it will rank second to xxx. My long-term goal is to be able to challenge the CEO’s of the top 5 ranking companies in Korea, such as Hyundai of Korea. In addition, to achieve my goals, I plan to earn the CFA certification upon my MBA studies. Armed with the CFA certification and Top School’s International bent, strength in finance and management training, I will be ready to place that call to the trader in China, conduct a teleconference with xxx corporation in Tokyo, and visit the CFO in America. 2.You have been selected as a member of the Kellogg Admissions Committee. Please provide a brief evaluative assessment of your file. (one to two pages double-spaced) I am confident that Mr.xxx is an applicant with the qualifications that meet Kellogg’s standards, for the following reasons. In his experience, his creative ideas stand out. xxx Campaign program for Korean customers, which was implemented in June 19xx by his suggestion, was evaluated to have improved customer growth rate by 7% after 6 months of implementation, and was given the Best Suggestion Award in 19xx. A program called â€Å"Contests for English Writing†for the xxx University students which was implemented by his suggestion during college, increased English Composition Club participation by 80%; we judge this to be a concrete case in point that demonstrates Mr. xxx’s creativity. His business administration talents were made evident during xxx’s labor-management negotiations process, which took place in April of 19xx. In these labor-management negotiations lasting two months, which dealt with the salary increase limits for employees, Mr. xxx was selec ted to be the deputy team leader among the negotiations mediation team of four people representing xxx. The accurate materials on employee surveys from other xxx companies in Korea, which he researched for a month and presented, played a crucial role in the 50% mutual compromise reached between labor and management. During his employment, Mr. xxx was active in xxx’s labor union as a non-permanent member of the mediation committee.His strong academic credentials are also a big plus. He showed in just 4 months up to increase GMAT xxx points. He accomplished this while working full time and attending evening classes, which is further proof of his outstanding ability to excel in his studies. 4. Complete three of the following six questions or statements. (Two to three paragraphs each) E. What personal qualities do you need to develop to become a more effective manager? If I am given the opportunity, I would like to study Corporate Finance and Financial Strategy. Without the knowledge of finance, I could not successfully manage the company and be an incompetent businessman. I would like to focus my studies on subjects relating to Entrepreneurship and Marketing. I believe that I am qualified to be competitive among your students because I have earned a certificate of Accounting and Finance, sponsored by xxx in 19xx. Along with this basic background, I am currently studying Finance as a graduate student at xxx University Business School so that I may not have any difficulty in come up with your program. F. I wish the Admissions Committee had asked me†¦ First, the primary reason why I apply for Kellogg is the importance of alumni association in which the school advocates. I believe that close interpersonal relationship and networking will serve as the basis for practical business in the future. My colleagues and I will be able to learn the importance of cooperation in supportive environment that Kellogg will provide. For the past few months I have been in the U.S. with few connections, I realized the importance of a strong supportive alumni association. For instance, if an alumni association of Kellogg in Korea proves to be weak in the future, I believe that it can be a downside in proving my talents and in taking the advantage of networking as a businessman. For this reason, I made it necessity to transfer to a university in the Top 20 ranking. Secondly, Kellogg will enable me take the opportunity of its’ location. Due to the location of xxx University in a rural place, I am having a difficult time in experiencing the American culture. I would like to learn about American corporations that are located in the city and this will enable me to get a better grasp of the American market. With this knowledge, I believe that I can successfully apply it to Unix Electronics, Co., Ltd. in Shaver’s diverseness in customer characteristics. I would like to transfer to your university because of the opportunities that I can take from its location in the city because I realize that I cannot combine class time and individual studies from the xxx University, which is x hours away from the city. Thank You. Research Papers on Northwestern University Application for MBA EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalLifes What IfsInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males