Glass Ceiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Glass Ceiling - Essay Example Having men and women as full partners will improve organizational performance by diversifying communication and decision-making styles that can lead to enhanced management processes and organizational outcomes. Male and female law firm partners have distinct communication styles that can improve how decisions are made in the company, which can boost collaboration and networking that, in turn, will consequently boost morale and firm performance. The American society continues to generally follow a gendered approach to parenting and educating children. Traditional institutions teach gender differences in values and expectations, where women are generally brought up to be empathetic and passive in communication and collaborative and seeking harmony when making decisions, while men are usually trained to be direct, aggressive, and competitive in communication and logical and rules-based in making decisions (Parcheta et al., 2013, p.244). Evans actually seems to balance masculine and feminine communication and styles because the Associates Committee either sees her as too passive or too aggressive. Either way, she brings in her own way of thinking, speaking, and interacting that can enrich how the firm manages the business and attracts clientele. If she is promoted, this will have a positive morale-boosting effect on female attorneys and encourage many of them to also aspire for partnership status. As they do so, these female lawyers will work harder and be more productive, thereby improving total firm performance. Aside from bringing in new communication style, having women as full partners can enhance decision-making in the company. Bear and Woolley (2011) mentioned the 2010 study of Woolley et al., where the latter found out that having women in groups increased collective intelligence because women boost social sensitivity, turn-taking, and empathy in group

A rose for emily Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

A rose for emily - Essay Example At the time Emily remains indoors, Tobe’s hair is used in place of Emily’s to tell time in the town. The reader knows about this symbolism following the change in timing of events every time hair is used. Pocket watch has also been used a symbol of time in the story. Board of Aldermen members visited Emily to deliberate on tax issues ten years before her death (Faulkner, 2007). During this visit, a pocket watch that was invisible ticked within Emily’s clothing. â€Å"Then they could hear the invisible watch ticking at the end of the gold chain† (Faulkner, 2007).This represents that Emily was aware of time factor in her life, and that time acted as an invisible force that compelled her to become self-conscious about her life and the people around. At this time, time is ticking down towards happiness chances for Emily. The reader knows about this symbolism from the flashbacks presented in the story. Pocket watch is literally used to observe time, and each event in the story is time conscious. This is more so in relation to Emily’s

First Analysis of the Great Gatsby Amina Bangura

First Analysis of the Great Gatsby Amina Bangura In The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraways second cousin, Daisy Buchanan, comments on her newborn daughter saying, Im glad its a girl. And I hope shell be a fool-thats the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.(22) Daisy echoes this sentiment as a mother trying to shield her child from heartache in a cold, hard world. As a woman who is aware of the fact that her husband is having an affair, Daisy is left bitter and scorned when his mistress calls him at dinner time. By wishing that her daughter will be a fool, Daisy is essentially wishing that she is kept blissfully ignorant from the cruel, callous and blatant disrespect that she will face as a woman, in a male dominated world.ÂÂ   She believes that living in oblivion will ultimately mean living a happier life. Daisy is a fool because it is subtle throughout the first chapter that she knows that her husband is cheating on her, but goes to painful lengths to prove otherwise. In the book, Nick explains Daisys reaction to Tom leaving the table to pick up a phone call from his mistress, saying, As if his absence quickened something within her, Daisy leaned forward again, her voice glowing and singing.(19) After she and Tom return to the table following the confrontation in the house, she chirps, I looked outdoors for a minute, and its very romantic outdoors. Theres a bird on the lawn that I think must be a nightingale come over on the Cunard or White Star Line. Hes singing away-its romantic isnt it Tom?(20). Furthermore, after following her to the front porch, Daisy confides in Nick, saying, You see I think everythings terrible anyhow, everybody thinks so-the most advanced people. And I know. Ive been everywhere and seen everything and done everything. Sophisticated-God, Im sophisticated! (22). Though she is deeply hurting on the inside, Daisy tries very hard to appear cheerful and unaffected on the outside, almost to an annoyingly creepy extent-as if she is overcompensating for her negative emotions to the point that she needs to exude fake happiness to feel better. This needless behaviour is in fact foolish, because it changes absolutely nothing. Putting on a happy front and pretending that her husband isnt unfaithful will probably only make her feel worse, because it requires her to reject a reality that deep down she knows deep down is true. Daisy is inherently not a fool as she is knowledgeable about worldly things, yet willingly plays the part of the fool, to her husbands benefit. This manner of thinking stems from the fact that prior to the 1920s, women were taught that a good woman was a good wife-docile, submissive and completely devoted to their husband. The 20s however, was an era based on superficiality and artificial happiness. It was all about keeping up unrealistic appearances of being happy, rich and carefree, even if that werent the case. Women were lead to believe that they had to act like fools to be happy because the 20s were a time where men thought little about women in terms of equality. Women were expected to be slender and beautiful, and obedient, humble wives to their husbands, despite their gross indiscretions. Back then, women were taught that their worth as a female lay in their physical appeal and carefree attitude, rather than what knowledge they possessed. Society put more emphasis on beauty than brains, which unfortunately led women to stay in abusive relationships, because they believed that that was the best they could hope for and that it would make them happy. I dont agree with Daisys sentiment that women should be beautiful little fools for men, because I believe that a womans intelligence is by far her greatest asset. She should be judged based not on her physical attractiveness, but on her ideas and intellectual capacity. If a man is disloyal to his wife, the fault lies not with the woman, but with the unfaithful man. And for a self-proclaimed sophisticated woman like Daisy to stay oblivious to her husbands infidelity on the basis that she will be happier, is doing a great disservice to herself, because she deserves so much better. I believe that we should start teaching our young women and daughters the importance of value and self-worth; that they are not extensions of their husbands, but are individuals capable of intelligent thought and deserving of love and respect and nothing less. Throughout the first three chapters of The Great Gatsby, women are continuously portrayed as fools obsessed with ostentatious material objects and excessive glamour. This one- dimensional portrayal of women in the book provides a very limited view of what women were really like in the 1920s. It reduces their characters to merely carefree and indulgent individuals, concerned more about their looks and perception in society, meanwhile lacking intellectual substance and thinking capacity. Today, the perception of women in society has changed greatly. Women have destroyed the idea that they are weak, unintelligent individuals, incapable of doing anything but to look pretty and obey their husbands. They now occupy every single sector of society and have continuously broken down barriers to equality. With the rise of progressive feminism, women are slowly challenging the patriarchal society, while simultaneously promoting the gain of womens rights. Furthermore, the role of women has change d drastically. Women are no longer trapped within the confines of their roles as homemakers and sentenced to a life of cooking, cleaning and raising children. Though women still have a long way to go in their road to equality, they have made great strides in regards to education, civil rights and the workforce.

Voice Over Internet Protocol Attacks Essay -- Information Technology

Definition: VoIP or Voice over Internet Protocol, is a type of transmissions medium that is responsible for the delivery of real-time voice and data communication. Unlike its analog predecessor in which the transport functionality was routed via the public switched telephone network (PSTN), calls are now converted from an analog signal to a digital format, which is what the Internet Protocol (IP) uses for transmission and delivery, making VoIP possible. Several other key processes, such as signaling, authentication, security, call control, and voice compression, are established by VoIP prior to and during the call setup phase. (Harper, 2011) Essentially, VoIP converts your voice into a digital signal that is sent via the internet. The signal is converted to a standard phone signal before it goes to a land line. There are a few ways that VoIP calls are made; computer to computer, computer to a network, and network to network. How VoIP works The way VoIP works is by using what is called an analog telephone adaptor (ATA). The ATA allows you to connect your phone line to your computer and that allows you to make phone calls across the Internet. The ATA converts the signal from analog to digital. The analog signal is taken from your regular phone and makes it a digital signal so that it can be transmitted through the Internet. One of the most popular providers for VoIP services is Vonage. AT&T is also a provider that uses VoIP and they include an ATA as part of its VoIP service. The setup is actually pretty straightforward, and is a pretty simple installation. Basically, what is required is plugging your phone line into the ATA, and running a phone line out of the ATA into your computer. Tools of the trade I... ...ding_voip.pdf Edwards, J. (2007, January 11). Voip scams, phishing, and denial of service attacks. Retrieved from http://www.voip-news.com/feature/voip-scams-phishing-dos-011107/ Harper, Allen; Shon Harris; Jonathan Ness; Chris Eagle; Gideon Lenkey; Terron Williams (2011-01-12). Gray Hat Hacking The Ethical Hackers Handbook, 3rd Edition (Kindle Locations 7554-7557). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Kindle Edition. Harper, Allen; Shon Harris; Jonathan Ness; Chris Eagle; Gideon Lenkey; Terron Williams (2011-01-12). Gray Hat Hacking The Ethical Hackers Handbook, 3rd Edition (Kindle Location 7554). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Kindle Edition. Harper, Allen; Shon Harris; Jonathan Ness; Chris Eagle; Gideon Lenkey; Terron Williams (2011-01-12). Gray Hat Hacking The Ethical Hackers Handbook, 3rd Edition (Kindle Locations 7552-7554). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Kindle Edition.

Human Rights and Present Human Freedom

Freedom is a concept that refers to many aspects of human life. I believe that is defined as the ability that people have to do or not something, and do it in a way or another. I also believe that is possible to understand freedom as that state in which a man is not being imprisoned or enslaved by another; it is a concept that refers to all aspects related to independence. This concept is something that has made us think in many ways, because many times, the do what we want, can take us to the wrong path, which may end up making us lose it.Since the beginning of man to the present human freedom has played an important role in it but not the way we wanted to remember. A great example was Egypt; there existed on the banks of the Nile an extreme amount of slaves that contributed to the creation of the same. What I mean is that human freedom has been leaving a mark very strong throughout man's existence but erroneously because it is not characterized by the excess of it, on the contrary, is characterized by its absence.Slavery is not a story of the past, it is true that it was practiced more frequently in it but even in our times can be found slaves, this slavery can be accepted or not, for the slave. There are several types of freedom, among which are the freedom of expression, that is based in that every human being has the right to free speech, this is a right that I believe that we are only ones can make it count because we are responsible to find ways of how we want to express.Also, freedom of opinion that says that we live in a democratic world so we have the right to give our opinions, regardless of whether it is our view and we are free to make it known; freedom of worship which is based on that we all come from a family with religious beliefs that we learn from childhood, and society teaches us that there are many more religions that we have to accept equally, and that each individual has the freedom to choose and defend their beliefs.The freedom of choice each individual has to choose freely what they want without having anything to stop them doing that and the latest, freedom of decision which states that each person is the only responsible who can decide what does or does not do with his life.As Charles Evans Hughes said, â€Å"When we lose the right to be different, we lose the privilege to be free†. Freedom is an instrument double-edged, means to do what you want, while not against human nature; to regulate this freedom there are laws, which are the rules from the order is born so no one has  more freedom than other, and nobody thinks that their freedom is more valuable than another. It is double-edged because this is the same trap that should not escape, and being a runaway freedom means being taken prisoner in bondage, there is his trap, care freedom makes us all prisoners of the slavery of be free, but this brings us the ability to think, speak, hear and do it without fear of being penalized, punished or exterminated .Any other slavery, don ´t. I believe that freedom in general is the lack of limitation for action. This has been present for years in the world, where it has been very important. From my point of view, the greatest attribute of being free is that we always have the decision last us. We can decide and be free to do what we want or what we want it or not oblige.

Native America and Astronomy

To a great degree, the reading point to an aspect of the study of astronomy that many people might not be entirely familiar. That aspect is, of course, the contributions of the Navajo to the study of astronomy. This contribution has been largely ignored by many in the established scientific community in large part due to the fact that the concept of Navajo astronomy is more based on interrelation of what is discovered as opposed to a categorizing approach that does not integrate the discovered with the discoverer. Consider the following: The concept of a dynamic integrated whole is important in Navajo cosmology and astronomy. The pattern of relationship is far more important than the identification, location and Greek or Arabic name of any individual star. The individual stars contribute to the significance of the whole. (Begay/Maryboy Navajo Astronomy) In other words, there is a concept of harmony and balance present in the concept of Navajo astronomy. The earth, stars, moon, etc are interwoven as parts of a whole known as the universe. In traditional approaches to astronomy, there is an almost centrist position that the earth is the center of the universe and that the moon and stars are dependent upon the earth. While this may sound like an odd ideology of exceptionalism, the reality is that this WAS the exact belief of astronomers at one point in history. Now, this does not mean that the barren moon is on equal parity of the earth, but it does acknowledge that the mere concept of earth centrist ideology can lead to a belief in pillaging the environment because there is limited acknowledgment that the other components of the universe help keep the earth in harmony. This is why it becomes important to read the more extensive work â€Å"Sharing the Skies† because it allows a more in depth look at the subject. Considering the complexity  of the subject, a lengthier work is required in order to develop a much more clear understanding. One of the more interesting aspects of â€Å"Sharing the Skies† is essentially the fact that the work points out that when one realizes that most astronomy is centered on a Western Civilization origin, one realizes that the concepts and definitions of astronomy lead directly to one culture. When one looks at different cultural explanations of astronomy, then an individual can gain an insight into the cultures of other peoples and nations. In Williamson’s â€Å"Native American Astronomy,† the reader discovers a bit more depth to the origins of Native American cosmology. It is important to present and define Native Astronomy in the manner that Williamson presents it because he re-establishes the fact that Native astronomy is a sphere of science and not the weird, New Age quasi-religion that it has become thanks to a number of hack writers who have flooded bookstores with dubious works. â€Å"Application to Astrology† ties much of the philosophy of Native Astronomy and earth studies into the component that conventional sciences ignore: the spiritual component. Again, this stresses the idea of interrelation between various parts of a whole. Since the spiritual can not be removed from the person and the person can not be removed from the earth, then it goes without saying that there is an interrelation between the human spirit and the earth. Both halves of the same idea compliment each other and compliment each other quite effectively. Bibliography Begay, David and Maryboy, Nancy C.Finding the Thunderbird in Navajo Astronomy. Bluff: Indigenous Education Institute, 2004. Begay, David and Maryboy, Nancy C. Sharing the Skies Bluff: Indigenous Education Institute, Date Unknown

Habits and Traits of Mites and Ticks

Habits and Traits of Mites and Ticks Not much love is lost on the mites and ticks of this world. Most people know little about them, other than the fact that some transmit diseases. The order name, Acari, derives from the Greek word Akari, meaning a small thing. They may be small, but mites and ticks have a big impact on our world. Characteristics Many mites and ticks are ectoparasites of other organisms, while some prey on other arthropods. Still, others feed on plants or decomposed organic matter like leaf litter. There are even gall-making mites. Take just a scoop of forest soil and examine it under a microscope, and you may find several hundred species of mites. Some are vectors of bacteria or other disease-causing organisms, making them a significant public health concern. Members of the order Acari are diverse, abundant, and sometimes economically important, though we know relatively little about them. Most mites and ticks have oval-shaped bodies, with two body regions (prosoma and opisthosoma) that may appear fused together. The Acari are indeed small, many measuring a mere millimeter long, even as adults. Ticks and mites go through four life cycle stages: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. Like all arachnids, they have 8 legs at maturity, but in the larval stage, most have just 6 legs. These tiny organisms often disperse by hitching rides on other, more mobile animals, a behavior known as phoresy. Habitat and Distribution Mites and ticks live just about everywhere on Earth, in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They live virtually everywhere that other animals live, including in nests and burrows, and are abundant in soil and leaf litter. Though over 48,000 species of mites and ticks have been described, the actual number of species in the order Acari may be many times that. Well over 5,000 species inhabit the U.S. and Canada alone. Groups and Suborders The order Acari is somewhat unusual, in that it is subdivided first into groups, and then again into suborders. Group Opilioacariformes - These mites look somewhat like small harvestmen in form, with long legs and leathery bodies. They live under debris or rocks and may be predaceous or omnivorous feeders. Group Parasitiformes - These are medium to large mites that lack abdominal segmentation. They breathe by virtue of paired ventrolateral spiracles. Most members of this group are parasitic. Suborders of the Parasitiformes:Suborder HolothryinaSuborder MesostigmataSuborder Ixodida - Ticks Group Acariformes - These small mites also lack abdominal segmentation. When spiracles are present, theyre located near the mouthparts. Suborders of the Acariformes:Suborder ProstigmataSuborder AstigmataSuborder Oribatida Sources Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.NWF Field Guide to Insects and Spiders of North America, by Arthur V. EvansLatin American Insects and Entomology, by Charles Leonard HogueIntroduction to the Acari, University of California Museum of Paleontology. Accessed February 26, 2013.Arachnida: Acari, class handouts from University of Minnesota Entomology Department. Accessed online February 26, 2013.Soil Arthropods, National Resources Conservation Service. Accessed February 26, 2013.

Smartphone Software

Smartphone Software Introduction Smart phone is a mobile phone which is based on a mobile computing platform. It has more advanced computing capabilities and networking as compared to a contemporary mobile phone. The first smart phones were developed to join the operations of a mobile phone and a personal digital assistant (PDA).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Smartphone Software specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, Smartphone devices are used to combine operations of portable media players, compact digital cameras, pocket video cameras, and GPS navigation units. Today, Smartphone includes web browsers that can properly navigate web pages rather than websites. They also include high-resolution touch screens, mobile, broadband, and fast data access through Wi-Fi. Modern smart phones use various software such as Nokia’s Symbian, Microsoft Windows Mobile, and Apple’s ios, Windows phone, Blackberry Operating S ystem; Android and embedded Linux (Yang Zheng, 2007). This software is installed on various smart phone models, and each device can get several software updates over the lifetime. The difference between smart phones and other phones is vague, as there is no explanation on the difference between them. The crucial difference that can be established is the advanced application programming interfaces on smart phones. This enables applications to integrate with the Smartphone’s operating system and its. Smart phones have been developed in the last decade. Initially, business professionals used smart phones, but today they are accessible to the public. The purpose of this research paper is to compare the advantages and disadvantages of various Smartphone’s software applications. Smart phone soft ware Nokia’s Symbian is one of the first Smartphone softwares. The operating system was developed for ordinary gaming, basic media, and text messaging operations, as well as basic e-mail and web surfing operations (Frederick, 2010). The software has several advantages.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, it offers a combination of leading edge mobile technology and various ranges of run times. It has led to development of million Symbian devices that provide an excellent opportunity to deliver profitable applications in the market. It provides all features required to test applications for Symbian devices on a P.C. In addition, Smartphone helps in developing the VGA screen resolution, which facilitates the development for the Nokia E6 device. The software provides updated browser, which is installed in Nokia phones. The three-plane architecture provides improved data flow performance. Symbian software supports Korean and Chinese languages. It enables a person to develop applications using Qt, C++, and Web Runtime. Nokia Symbia has va rious disadvantages (Firtman, 2010). For instance, Symbian 3 uses numerical keypad, which is not proficient in the word of prediction and autocorrelation. The operating system has unimpressive browser causing users to seek help of third party applications such as opera mobile to get browsing experience. Its online music store, Ovi music, did not receive positive responses. It does not allow the user to purchase all movies, music videos, and TV shows. The software has few applications as compare to other software such as windows phone (Firtman, 2010). It has few third party applications compared to Android and iPhone. Nokia Symbia application system lacks social integration as it supports face book right now. Blackberry is another operating system installed in smart phones. This software mostly focuses on providing information through advanced e-mail and web surfing capabilities. The software receives e-mails from anywhere as long as it can locate a network. Blackberry operating syst em has various advantages (Firtman, 2010). For example, the development of push emails technology, which is available in most smart phones. It enables the user to receive e-mails in real time as soon as they are reflected in user’s inbox. It helps in compressing data that is transmitted through RIM servers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Smartphone Software specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This leads to saving massive costs that could be accrued due to severe bandwidth depletion. Blackberry operation system enables the user to access the cheapest Internet services. Blackberry phones have magnificent QWERTY keyboard, which makes typing easy and fluid. Blackberry software has various challenges. First, it makes blackberry phones to be of a poor call quality in 3G mode. The phone keeps getting supplementary service errors. The operating system makes it difficult for users to download large files (Firtm an, 2010). They are able to download files of over 2.9mb to 4.8mb. Blackberry services, like e-mail browsing, require service books to function. If the service books are not advanced the services will not function. The operation system has slow and average browser. Although data is compressed, loading WebPages on curve 3G takes some time and web components are scattered on the screen. It takes a long time to reboot black berry phones. In soft reboot, the phone is switched off but all applications are left running prior to shutdown. It is difficult to watch YouTube videos on a blackberry device, as it does not support streaming FLV files (Fling, 2009). Another Smartphone operating system is the iPhone Ios. Apple Company developed this software in 2007. It is the software installed in apple phones such as iphone, the iPod Touch, and the ipad. When it started it could only support Apple applications. Today it can multitask as the apple company developed a new version in 2010 (Fling, 20 09). The iphone is popular and one of the best parts at third party applications. This software is easy to use and easy to access. The software has other advantages as compared to the other software. It has improved camera performance. It performs an order of high magnitude than the other software. It focuses quickly, take pictures, and gets back to screen quickly. The camera also has a digital zoom feature, which enables the user to create folders on the screen. This helps in reducing the number of home screens by putting applications in the folders.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It contains a spell check application to aid typing. The spell check allows the user to select the word he means instead of arbitrarily choosing one for the user. It supports a unified inbox, all the emails go to a master inbox instead of a separate inboxes. The software also enables blackberry phones to multi task (Fling, 2009). The user can now switch between applications as fast as possible. This is a considerable benefit as many applications have the background support. The operating system also has various weaknesses, which need to be improved. Semi threaded emails enable users to see messages received in a conversation, but not the sent messages. This implies that the user will only be able to see half of the conversation. There is no real improvement on iPod devices. The current iPod device is identical to what has been available in the last three years (Firtman, 2010). The software cannot allow the user to put additional ringing tones. There is no lock screen improvement. Th e user has to unlock the device to interact with missed messages, calls, and voice mails. There is no attachment supporting email. The user is not able to attach something to the messaging once he has started composing it. Android is a Smartphone operating system based on Linux and sponsored by Google. Today, there are about 90000 Android operating systems applications. This makes the software as one of the most known systems. The operating system is the world best selling Smartphone platform. It has a large market for third party applications (Firtman, 2010). One of its substantial benefits is the ability to multitask. This makes it the most reliable and sensible device to Smartphone customers. It is one of the best user-friendly softwares in the world. It is also remarkably easy to customize the operating system. It provides an option of removable batteries, which enables the user to insert an extra battery. It also has an option for expandable memory, which is useful, if the inte rnal memory is small. Most mobile phone companies such as Samsung electronics and Motorola use it to run their smart phones. There are different types of devices such as music players, which run Android Operating System, making it the most popular. It is easy to install and download applications from Android operating system. The procedures of removing applications are not time consuming as in other phones. New versions of Android are launched every three months this means more applications and improvements. The prices for this devices are not high, so many customers can afford them. This operating system has some challenges. The ability to customize may create problems in the near future (Firtman, 2010). When the user customizes the phone, he is bound to make a mistake. Android phones have a small screen size this makes other competitors a better option. Launching new versions now and then may make some users unhappy. This is because not every user is capable of updating his phone. The Apple Company is offering better and a large number of applications than Android market. This makes it extremely costly for Android to compete in the market. Finally, Windows phone 7 is the latest operating system in the market. It was released in October 2010. It uses a mobile version of Internet explorer. Adobe is included in the operating system with a mobile version of flash. The operating system updates is delivered through Microsoft updates. This is the latest operating system, and it has various advantages. It has a pure and elegant main screen. It allows easy access, to voice mail and call history. It consists of excellent zune based interface, which enables the user to play music and media (Fling, 2009). It enables the user to upload photos automatically, to sky drive. The operating system is easy to update by zune software. It enables the user to open multiple tabs and web pages. It also enables the user to link profiles from several locations into a single contact. L ike other software, windows phone 7 has various problems. The battery and signal status are not always visible. There is no multitasking for third party application. There are extremely limited Bluetooth options. Users cannot be able to customize their devices (Firtman, 2010). There is no unified inbox for emails. The keyboard layouts in this phone discourage strong passwords. Windows phone 7 makes to be difficult for the user to move files around on the main screen. Conclusion Smart phone software has been developed in the modern technology. There are several software applications in the market. The applications have more advantages as compared to the feature phones. Most users prefer the Smartphone software as they are easy to operate and they consist of various applications. They are user friendly and they help users in accessing the internet. They have several challenges but advantages outweigh disadvantages. Reference List Firtman, M. (2010). Programming the mobile web. Chicago : OReilly Media. Fling, B. (2009). Mobile design and development. Chicago: OReilly Media. Frederick, G. (2010). Beginning smart phone web development. New York: Apress. Yang, B., Zheng, P. (2007). Professional microsoft smartphone programming. Hong Kong: Wrox.

Book Review The Official SAT Study Guide, 2020 Edition

Book Review The Official SAT Study Guide, 2020 Edition SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The College Board recently published a new versionof The Official SAT Study Guide (2020 edition). What’s the book like? Is it helpful? In this review, I’ll break down the strengths and weaknesses of this newest edition of the official guide, discuss how students feel about it, and tell you whether it’s ultimately worth buying. Should You Buy theOfficial SAT Study Guide? While the Blue Book (as it was called by students)used to be the must-have source for SAT prep, The Official SAT Study Guide,2020 Edition, is mostly not worth purchasing. The book in its entirety - including its eight practice tests - is available for free online, so don't waste your money buying the book. Why did the College Board release this edition for free?It’s part of the College Board's attempts to make the SAT more accessible and to reduce SAT inequality based on socioeconomic background.This is a wonderful move by the College Board, but it now means buying the book is a complete waste of money. If you have the time, is it worth reading The Official SAT Study Guide, 2020 Edition, free online?Yes and no.The eight practice tests from the book (which are all available online for free)are absolutely crucial to your SAT prep. However, the book doesn’t provide you with details of how to score your practice test; you have to go online to do that, rendering the book useless. If you can’t even score your tests using the book, why buy it? Also, the educational material other than the practice tests doesn’t give much helpful test insight or strategy.The educational material just provides surface-level details about the test.It doesn’t teach you the content needed for the SAT.There are far better, more in-depth SAT study guides out there including the free ones that we’ve written: check out our Reading, Math, and Writing study guides. The educational material also mostly just tells you to go learn more on the Khan Academy SAT prep site, which is free for anyone to access, regardless of whether you purchased the book. Strengths The strengths of the books are very limited: Eight College Board practice tests are pre-printed for you, so you don't need to spend money printing them yourself (including two, Practice Tests 9 and 10, that are not yet available on collegeboard.org) You can recycle the book (AKAuse it for kindling in your bonfire or use it for a paper machà © project). Weaknesses Unfortunately, there are many: The entire book is available for free online (including two extra practice tests not included in the book!) The book doesn’t provide you with scoring information for your practice tests; you have to go online to get the information. The book only provides surface-level descriptions of each section and doesn’t offer instructional material, so you can’t actually learn skills and content from the book. There are no content lessons, so if you’re, say, struggling with geometry questions, you won’t get any assistance from this book; you’d need to seek additional help. Just taking SAT practice tests without a method of learning from your mistakes will not help you improve. The book sadly offers no guidance on how to learn from your mistakes or how to study content. How Students Feel About theOfficial SAT Study Guide 2020 If you don’t believe me, check out how other people feel about it.On Amazon, the book is currently rated 4.3 out of 5 stars, with 69% percent of raters giving it 4 or 5 stars (remember, it's still full of official practice problems!). That said, the 2016 edition of the book (which contained fewer practice tests and was also available for free online) has several hundred more reviewers. Of these reviewers, 82 percent gave it 4 or 5 stars, and 7 percent gave it 1 star: The 1-star reviewers of both editions of the official guide generally agreed with my feeling that the book was a waste of money, noting that everything in the book is available online for free. The 5-star reviewers, on the other hand, generally felt that although the material is available for free online, the book was worth the money since it’s a hassle to print out the practice tests. HowYou Should Use the Official SAT Guide I recommend that no students buy the book, but all students should be using the free practice tests available online. I don’t think any student needs to read the additional information included in this guide.The information is superficial yet difficult to parse: it discusses the types of question and content covered without giving many, if any, examples.We’ve created better free guides forReading, Math, and Writing. If you’re a worrywart (like me) and are stressed that you don’t know everything you can about the test, then go ahead and read the extra material for free online.You should be able to read all of it fairly quickly.As I said, it’s pretty sparse and superficial. However,reading this book alone will not prepare you for SAT success.You need to review your SAT practice tests to learn from your mistakes.You should also do in-depth content review of subjects you don’t know well or might've forgotten, such as systems of equations or semicolons. You still need to study! What SAT Prep Material Should You Use? Now that you know not to buy this book and to print the free practice tests from the College Board website, what other resources should you use to help you prep for the SAT? First, I recommend our free SAT study guides forReading, Math, and Writing. As I mentioned before, these guides are all available here on our blog at no cost to you. If you find yourself still struggling to improve after taking a few practice tests and using our free guides,consider using a highly rated SAT prep book, hiring a tutor, or enrolling in an online program. Whatever option you choose, make sure the program is specialized to you.You want a program that will identify your strengths and weaknesses so you can improve your weak areas as well as your SAT score. What’s Next? Studying for the new SAT? Check out our complete guide to test changes and our ultimate SAT study guide. Looking for extra help? Check out our guide to the best SAT prep books. Trying to decide whether to hire a tutor or do an online prep course? We can help. Getting ready to apply to college? Unsure of where you want to go? Check out our guide to finding your target school and how to find out what your target SAT score should be. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Diversity in American Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Diversity in American Society - Research Paper Example America has placed high value on diversity, for instance, ethnic groups have transformed and celebrated their heritage, and children of immigrants grow up experiencing the languages. America’s success is due to establishment of society that embraces diversity and celebrates the differences of various cultures. The different cultures share core values such as education, family, faith and charity hence diversity has led to great success and development of American society. Due to immigration and oppression, that is, the paradox of Nativism in a Nation of Immigrants (America), English was the primary spoken language. The Alaska Natives and American Indians practiced English as their main language. Other immigrants who came to America learned the language; therefore, the current immigrants should do the same by learning or practicing English. Therefore, every individual who planned to live in America permanently had to assimilate and learn the English language Alcoholism is the most common health problem. Native communities suffer from the common predictors of poor health such as unemployment, poverty, and high school dropout. The native people face five health problems. Alaska Natives and American Indians have high rate of diabetes. It is an issue of poverty and limited access to healthy food (Weaver, 2014). The government - funded Special Diabetes Program for the natives has helped improving the health of the diabetic. There is food movement to recover Native American cuisine and old agricultural practices. Native Americans succumb to injury at an early age as compared to white men. Native people are more prone to die by fire, in a car crash or die as a pedestrian. Sexual abuse is another issue among Native Americans. The American Indian women are highly raped more than the national average according to Justice Department. The tribal courts fail to prosecute non-native men who rape the native women on tribal lands.

Ansel Adams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ansel Adams - Essay Example He got his distinct mark in his nose when he was thrown to the ground during the aftershock of earthquake and fire in 1906, when he was just four years old (Turnage, n.d.). According to Turnage (n.d.), he was born in a very conservative social and emotional environment being an only child of elderly parents. It was in 1907 when the family’s fortune collapsed that Adams’s father spent the whole time to regain their lost fortune (Turnage, n.d.). He loved music and started to play the piano which inspired and crafted his visual artistry. He gained an appreciation of nature living his childhood at the Golden Gate which is his primary foundation photography (www.sierraclub.org, History: Ansel Adams). He was once an unpromising and rebellious student which resulted to his removal from school (Szarwkowski, 2010). According to Szarkowski (2010), he was a gifted pianist thus made him become determined and ambitious musician. In was in 1916 when he got his first camera that he de monstrated his talent in photography (Szarkowski, 2010). It was in the year 1927 when he took his first High Trip of the Siera Club and finished his first fully dreamed of photograph, Monolith, the Face of Dome (Turnage, n.d.). This year became very important because he met San Francisco’s patron of arts and artists and insurance tycoon, Albert Bended, whose companionship, encouragement and polite financial support changed Adams’s life (Turnage, n.d.). It was Bended who took charge of the preparation and publication of Adams’s first portfolio, the Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras (Turnage, n.d.). Bender was the main influence who transformed a journeyman pianist to a creative photographer (Turnage, n.d.). Adams’s joined annual Sierra Club outing and became their official photographer. His role in the club grew quickly which in turn the club developed into a very important factor to his success in photography (www.sierraclub.org, History: Ansel Adams). His membership in the club developed his political involvement thus suggesting proposals for improving parks and wilderness (www.sierraclub.org, History: Ansel Adams). The club soon became an influential national organization that fought for the creation of national parks and protection of environment (www.sierraclub.org, History: Ansel Adams). He became prominent in photographic community in 1935 when he was working and contributing technical articles to a popular photography press (Szarkowski, 2010). In 1936, his worked was renowned by Alfred Steiglitz and he further used his position in the field to boost approval of photography as fine art since then (Szarkowski, 2010). President Jimmy Carter awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Adams in 1980 as recognition of his work as environmentalist and photographer (Szarkowski, 2010). Although he worked basically in the photographic print, he also got involved and became a motivator of the photomechanical reproduction (Szarkowski , 2010). He persistently explored the technical possibilities of photography in the 1940s (Szarkowski, 2010). According to Szarkowski (2010), Adams also got really busy of the â€Å"zone system† which â€Å"rationalized the relationship among exposure, development, and resulting densities in the photograph

Finance and Accounting Assignment Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finance and Accounting Assignment - Math Problem Example Since in this case, the payment is done at the beginning of the period every time, hence it is a case of an immediate annuity as each yearly payment is allowable to compound for an additional year as compared to the normal annuity case. In this context, Future Value of Annuity = A [{(1+i) ^n -1} / i] (Finance Formulas., n.d.) Where, A= Annual payment, i= interest rate per year, n= number of periods As in this case, each annual payment is completed at the start of each period, the same is allowed to compound for one extra period and hence its future value would be the product of value of a matching normal annuity and (1+ interest rate). Future Value of Annuity Due = (1+i) * A [{(1+i)^n -1} / i ] (Finance Formulas., n.d.) The 65th birthday is the day the person wants to have $2 million in the savings account. It should also be kept in mind that a payment is made even on the last day i.e. on the 65th birthday. This last payment does not get a chance to be compounded and has to be simply added to the compounded value of the earlier made 35 payments. In the Future Value of Annuity Due formulae, it has to be noted that the last cash payment is made one year prior to the end of the 35th year. Keeping in mind that a payment will be made even on the last day of 35 year period, the formulae for calculating the required annual payment would be, Future Value, FV = (1+i) * A [{(1+i)^n -1} / i ] + A A = F/ [ {((1+i)^n-1)/i} * (1+i) +1] It is decided that the person needs $2 million at the end of 35 years period, so in this scenario the Future Value would be $2 million. In this case, FV= $2000000, i= 5%, n= 35 years. Putting these values in the above equation, Annual Payment, A = 20,868.91 = $ 20,870 (approx) Thus, the person has to put aside $ 20,869 (approx) each year to make sure that he has $ 2 million in the savings account on the 65th birthday. Problem 36 The person realizes that since the income would increase over the years it would be advisable to save less now and m ore in the later years. Thus, instead of putting the same amount aside, the person has altered his plans to let the amount to be set aside grow by 3% per year. This is a case of growing annuity which is similar to annuity as both ends after a certain period, however, growing annuity payments increase at a fixed constant rate unlike the annuity. It should be noted that since the first annual payment to the savings account is made today and continuing to do so on each birthday up to as well as including the 65th birthday, the number of periods would be 36. The formula for Future Value of Growing Annuity is, FV = A [{(1+i)^n – (1+g)^n } / (i-g) ] (Finance Formulas., n.d.) Where A= First payment, i= interest rate, g= growth rate, n= number of periods Hence, The First Payment, A = FV * [(i-g)/ {(1+i)^n – (1+g)^n }] Here, FV= $2000000, i = 5%, g = 3%, n = 36. Putting these values in the above equation, First Payment = 13,823.91 = $ 13,824 (approx) Thus, the person will have to put $ 13,824 (approx) into the savings account today and keep on increasing the succeeding payments at a growth rate of 3% per year in order to get $ 2 million in the savings account on the 65th birthday. References Finance Formulas. (n.d.). Future Value of Annuity. Retrieved July 14, 2011, from

Business Strategy Nokia Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Strategy Nokia Corporation - Case Study Example In addition, it provides recommendations and suggestions as how to employ the internal and external strengths, overcome the weakness, make use of the opportunities and identifying the potential threats in time and take preventive measures in time. Nokia Corporation is a Finland based company incorporated in the year 1966. The major breakthrough came when Nokia made an entry into the consumer electronics market. Through its remarkable internationalisation policies, Nokia over the years has evolved as the leading manufacturer of mobile devices and mobile networks across the globe. However from a humble start with paper, rubber and cable manufacturing, consumer electronics brought about a major reorientation of the company. It was towards the end of the twentieth century that Nokia aggressively started implementing expansionary policies in different electronic product areas. Over the next twenty - twenty five years, Nokia actively made acquisitions and divestments in an effort to internationalise and growth. In the year 1995, Nokia recorded revenue of a whooping FIM 36, 810 million of which 99 percent came from the electronics business: mobile phones, telecommunications and consumer electronics. (Lindell L. and Melin L., 1996) Today Nokia operat... It has a plethora of products and services to offer to consumers. Though its primary business area is manufacture and sell of mobile phone handsets, it also provides services to that help to protect a business from foreign intrusion, improve workforce communications and voice solutions. (About Nokia, 2009) The determining factor of Nokia's success in the consumer electronics industry is its timely identification and exploitation of business opportunities. Nokia's acquisition strategies played a major role in bringing about a remarkable corporate transformation. Between the period 1983 and 1992, Nokia made five well planned and strategised acquisitions of European companies. 1983 Salora (Finland), Luxor (Sweden) 1987 Oceanic (France) 1988 Standard Electric Lorenz (Germany) 1988 Main plants: Bochum (Germany) and Ibervisao (Portugal), with six other plants supporting the manufacturing of TV sets 1992 Finlux (Finland) In the 1970s when Nokia had just entered the computers manufacturing industry, another opportunity to expand in electronics appeared. There was a sudden creation of demand for a new type of portable radio telephone by the Finnish army. Eventually the three companies that got the order of manufacturing were Salora, Televa and Nokia. Salora was much ahead of its two counterparts in its Research and Development activities. In view of this, Nokia strategically approached Salora and for a joint venture initiative in the radio telephone business. (Lindell L. and Melin L., 1996) However in the 1970s Salora was forced to relinquish their ownership due to unethical business practices. After years of ill fate and business blunders, Nokia acquired 18 percent of the shares in Salora, however it

Comparative analysis of the Marketing Communications Mix for three Essay

Comparative analysis of the Marketing Communications Mix for three companies in the supermarket sector Tesco, Sainsburys and Costcutter - Essay Example Tesco being the leading superstore in the country enjoy little bit of more success in terms of its marketing communication mix activities however Sainsbury's is also somewhat successful in its efforts too however costcutter seems to be lacking in many areas as it has still a long way to travel in order to ensure that it has proper strategies in place which can properly put in against the competition like Tesco and Sainsbury's. "The Marketing Communications Mix is the specific mix of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations a company uses to pursue its advertising and marketing objectives."(Dolak, 2008). Thus Marketing communication mix is a group of tactical elements which give rise to the overall marketing communication mix of an enterprise. These tactical elements include advertising, personal selling, sales promotion as well as public relations. In its essence, a marketing communication mix is the second name of one of the P's of marketing i.e. Promotion and it is a group of activities which give rise to the overall promotional mix of the organization. In order to effectively set the marketing communication mix, it is very important for the organizations to take into account various factors since each of the elements of the mix has its relevant strengths and weaknesses therefore their use and design should be effective in order to achieve the maximum results. It is also important to note that each element of marketing communication mix may be used according to the product life cycle if we consider a marketing communication mix of a product only however when we take into the account the whole organization and view the marketing communication mix of that organization, we must consider the fact that marketing communication mix strategies may significantly vary with each organization according to the life cycle stage of the organization. However for the organizations such as super market stores, it becomes more complicated because these stores do not necessarily sell one product or service therefore it becomes more complicated when dealing with the marketing communication mix issues of chain stores. This report will study and analyze the marketing communication mix of three of the most important players in the super market i.e. Tesco, Sainsbury's and costcutter. The chief aim of this report is to present a comparative analysis of the marketing communication mix strategies of these three companies. Marketing Communication Mix This section of the report will present the present marketing communication mix strategies being adopted by three important organizations working in the super market. The following section will present a comparative analysis of the marketing communication mix of the three given companies. Advertising Tesco has been considered the largest superstore in UK having comprehensively taken over the Sainsbury's. The core belief of the company that is "to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty" suggest that the company value most its interaction with its customers and advertising strategies, being one of the most penetrating means of reaching to

Gay Marriage Should be Banned in California Essay

Gay Marriage Should be Banned in California - Essay Example It is not open for discussion, nor interpretation. The gay and lesbian community argues that marriage is not defined in the constitution as simply being between a man and a woman. In fact, there is no mention of sexual orientation pairing in the law. Although that may be true to some extent, it does not erase the fact that marriage in our country is viewed in the traditional sense of the word as handed down from generation to generation over the past centuries. According to people such as Joe Messerl (Messerli,†Should Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized?†) marriage in the US comes with a traditional definition. That definition of marriage states that it is: Traditionally in this country, marriage has been defined as a religious & legal commitment between a man and woman, as well as the ultimate expression of love. (Messerli,†Should Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized?†) What the constitution indicates as the law of the land is open to interpretation. Marriage in its ver y sense was first defined for us by our forefathers by blessing the union of a man and woman in holy matrimony. Never during that period did a same sex couple ever come forward and ask to be married. Yet now, after borders have been drawn and definitions drawn, the gay and lesbian community expects us to just undo centuries of tradition and understanding in order to allow them to railroad their beliefs unto the majority of the people. Alright, there must be an admission at this point that there is a tremendous growth in the number of same sex relationships and our society has come to accept these partnerships. But allowing them to marry and redefine what we once believed to be an infallible definition of the term is something that cannot easily be allowed not accepted. Traditionally based marriages already face a 50 percent divorce rate. As such, Divorce has already weakened the institution of marriage and forced us to redefine the meaning of marriage and family to include a previou sly married man or woman who has children of their own but has married again and created a new family dynamic in the process. By allowing marriage to accommodate a definition that will include fay marriage, it will seriously seem like marriage is an institution that is no longer taken seriously and is only an act put on for the public. Most importantly, there is a common denominator in the redefined marriage for divorced couples, the man and woman still have to and can produce new offspring. That is an act that a gay couple cannot accomplish through natural means and thus, makes a mockery out of marriage whose other purpose for being is to allow a man and a woman to legally procreate and propagate our species. (Messerli,†Should Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized?†) Since procreation is one of the main reasons why marriage is thought of as a highly sacred act of unification between a man and a woman, we can also argue that one of the main reasons that we need to ban gay marri age in California is to protect the minds of our children from the corruption based upon the confusion they may experience once they come across a gay married couple. Think about it. We don't really care if a person is straight, bi, lesbian, or gay. We normally just let them be as long as they do not veer into territory where their existence can cause actual harm to certain sectors of our society such as our children. It is that area of our society that the controversial

Comparative analysis of the Marketing Communications Mix for three Essay

Comparative analysis of the Marketing Communications Mix for three companies in the supermarket sector Tesco, Sainsburys and Costcutter - Essay Example Tesco being the leading superstore in the country enjoy little bit of more success in terms of its marketing communication mix activities however Sainsbury's is also somewhat successful in its efforts too however costcutter seems to be lacking in many areas as it has still a long way to travel in order to ensure that it has proper strategies in place which can properly put in against the competition like Tesco and Sainsbury's. "The Marketing Communications Mix is the specific mix of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations a company uses to pursue its advertising and marketing objectives."(Dolak, 2008). Thus Marketing communication mix is a group of tactical elements which give rise to the overall marketing communication mix of an enterprise. These tactical elements include advertising, personal selling, sales promotion as well as public relations. In its essence, a marketing communication mix is the second name of one of the P's of marketing i.e. Promotion and it is a group of activities which give rise to the overall promotional mix of the organization. In order to effectively set the marketing communication mix, it is very important for the organizations to take into account various factors since each of the elements of the mix has its relevant strengths and weaknesses therefore their use and design should be effective in order to achieve the maximum results. It is also important to note that each element of marketing communication mix may be used according to the product life cycle if we consider a marketing communication mix of a product only however when we take into the account the whole organization and view the marketing communication mix of that organization, we must consider the fact that marketing communication mix strategies may significantly vary with each organization according to the life cycle stage of the organization. However for the organizations such as super market stores, it becomes more complicated because these stores do not necessarily sell one product or service therefore it becomes more complicated when dealing with the marketing communication mix issues of chain stores. This report will study and analyze the marketing communication mix of three of the most important players in the super market i.e. Tesco, Sainsbury's and costcutter. The chief aim of this report is to present a comparative analysis of the marketing communication mix strategies of these three companies. Marketing Communication Mix This section of the report will present the present marketing communication mix strategies being adopted by three important organizations working in the super market. The following section will present a comparative analysis of the marketing communication mix of the three given companies. Advertising Tesco has been considered the largest superstore in UK having comprehensively taken over the Sainsbury's. The core belief of the company that is "to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty" suggest that the company value most its interaction with its customers and advertising strategies, being one of the most penetrating means of reaching to

The Medici’s and their Art Essay Example for Free

The Medici’s and their Art Essay The Santa Maria Basilica facade resembles something out of the Arabian Nights. It is one of the most recognisable and authentic of the great basilicas in Florence. The basilica also houses some of the most important works of art in Florentine history. It attempts above all to create a relationship between science and art and in so doing, becomes the essence of Renaissance thought. Like many Renaissance and post Renaissance works in Florence, the Santa Maria Basilica or Basilica di santa Maria Novella was not only a product of intense artistic change, but also a product of one of the most important family cartels in artistic history. The name Medici is one that is synonymous with gracious buildings and immaculate architecture, as well as large amounts of money. When considering the Medici family, it must borne in mind that not only were they great architects and patrons, but they also had great power within the church. In fact the Medici family had more influence on most aspects of Florentine life, than any other family. They were and remain in history, the Renaissance version of the Rothchilds, Rockerfellers and Getty’s. This enigmatic family is one whose legacy remains in art history, not because of what they created, but because of what they encouraged. Who were the Medici? In order to better understand how and why the Medici family became so influential, we need to understand where they came from and what their social standing allowed them to achieve. The Medici family is associated with great wealth, but also with some controversy. The Medici family can be traced back to the 12th century and were not seen to be nobility but rather belonged to a line of the patrician class (Van Helden). By the 13th century the family had acquired great wealth through commerce and banking, something that leant itself to political power. Eventually the Medici family became a strong political force in Florence (Van Helden). This political power led to Salvestro de’Medici moving into high ceremonial office (otherwise known as gonfaliere). Salvestro, in the 14th century led a revolt with the ‘common people’, ultimately culminating in the Medici downfall. It was Giovanni di Bicci de’Medici who restored the family name to its former glory as well as even increasing their political prowess (Van Helden). Despite this historical discussion, there was of course, a line Medici’s with whom we are specifically concerned. It was Giovanni’s son who bore the children with whom the Renaissance is associated (Van Helden). It was also this family line in which murder would become a central interest. Guiliano and Lorenzo, the grandsons of Cosimo the elder and sons of Piero were killed and wounded respectively during an internal battle (Van Helden). The Medici family crest is recognisable wherever the Medici influence reaches. Among the distinguished Medici’s are Popes and Grand Dukes, meaning that the family as a whole stretched beyond simply the commercial and financial world. These were the Grand Dukes of Tuscany and to name but a few consisted of Cosimo I, Giovanni and Pietro. The Medici Popes included Clement VII and Leo X (Wikipedia). Indeed, to undertake a more involved discussion will be beyond the scope of this discussion and to this end is far too complicated. However, certain Medici members were of greater influence in the art world than others. The Legacy of the Medici The legacy of the Medici family is well known and remembered particularly due to their rise from ordinary or patrician’s to nobility. Perhaps most clearly of all, we see them as the creators who planted the seeds of modernity during a Renaissance that proved irrevocable in its changes. In fact the Renaissance as such appears to be â€Å"less as the rebirth or revival of a distant and glorious antiquity than as the origin and beginning of the modern world, the prototype of modern European civilisation. †(Garraty and Gay, 488). The Renaissance was not merely about the production and emancipation of art, but also about the creation of a modernised medicine, science and finance. The Medici were at the forefront of all three, with the Medici bank cleverly avoiding the fall of the economy following the Black Death (Garraty and Gay, 489). So far, we are able to ascertain that the Medici were a family of great political and economic concern but that the types of Medici also included clergymen, tyrants and nobility. We also know that with the amount of money available to the Medici, patronage was not only acceptable but expected. The legacy left by the Medici is not only financial and noble, but also available to us for viewing at any time we want. Patronage To be a patron of a specific form of art or indeed, any art, meant that you had great social standing and great wealth. To commission works of art was costly and time consuming, meaning that you were not only able to appreciate it, but that you could also afford ongoing work. Patronage was an important part of Italian Renaissance life, based on the societal norms and values. To patronise a community or an artist meant that you were not only gracious but also wealthy enough to put money into something that essentially did not create more wealth for you. Was this merely a status symbol or was there more to the practice of patronage than we believe at this stage? First of all, patronage included the embellishment and growth of public buildings and artefacts (Annenberg Media). Art during the Renaissance required the outside and the inside to both resemble works of art in different mediums. Brunelleschi and Botticelli were two of the best known artists patronised by the Medici and who uphold the proposition of art as an interior and an exterior (Anneberg Media). The Medici remained the forerunners of artistic patronage mainly because of their love of the extravagant and larger than life lifestyles (Harness). I can thus, given their humble beginnings, understand why the Medici might want to share their wealth with the rest of the world by virtue of creating beautiful surroundings that the public could also enjoy. Although this may be difficult to assimilate given the previous feudal system, it is perhaps relevant to note that the Black Death incited what is known today as philanthropy. Philanthropists generally enjoy alleviating pain and suffering through the aid that they are able to meter out to their fellow humans. Prior to the Renaissance, this was perhaps not a common occurrence, but like AIDS today, the Black Death knew no boundaries. It affected whoever, wherever. For this reason, perhaps it became more necessary to attend to the needs of other people. It was also important to the merchant community of Florence, to spread the education of art, science and mathematics (Harness). Hence the saying that knowledge is power comes to mind. It is also notable, that a patron becomes more politically popular if they uphold the growth of knowledge for their minions as well as providing an income for those who would largely find their career difficult to pursue. The purpose of this civic duty became, although not perhaps initially intended to, a political tool to provide trust between the civil servant and the government (Trexler, 27). In a sense, it was meant to bridge the gap of inequality but was not altogether successful, creating a great deal of stress for the patron (Trexler, 28). â€Å"This sub-governmental system was the patronage network, the everyday lines of communication regulating social relations. In this network, as in formal government, men styled themselves each others true amici, and despised the love of the merchant: You help me, and Ill help you. †Ã¢â‚¬ (Trexler, 27-28). The Medici Crest Above on Figure 1 is a basic picture of the Medici family crest. It shows six balls of red placed in an oval shape upon a mustard yellow background. The Medici â€Å"balls† as they became sarcastically known as were not only a feature emblazoned on all Medici buildings, but also one that became known for its overt publicity. Rivals of the Medici were outraged at the Medici blazon being so clearly visible to the public and thought it to be in rather bad taste (Fillipo). Despite this, the blazon’s origin is surrounded by much debate although it is clearly visible on all Medici buildings. One thought on the origin is that the balls represent either coins (merchant origins) or pills (medical origins) based on the Medici practices and occupations. Some believe that rather than it being swathed in apothecary history, it is the sign of Arte del Cambio, a guild of moneychangers and exchangers (Fillipo). Nonetheless, this blazon has become well known as the essential historical beginnings of the merchant bank. Below is an example of how the Medici blazon is used on buildings that were built on Medici money. The Medici Artists Artists who were patronised by the Medici included the aforementioned Sandro Botticelli and Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Donatello, Fillipino Lippi, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Brunelleschi. These all make up some of the greatest names in Florentine art history. It pays to note that all of the above artists were great names and we need to not how much of this greatness might have been due to the presence of the Medici. Fillipo Brunelleschi Fillipo Bru nelleschi had a love-hate relationship with Cosimo de’Medici, despite completing many works with the man. Brunelleschi, along with artist Ghiberti vied for the artistic attentions of Cosimo, but did not always win the bids. He created for Cosimo, the Santa Maria Novella sculpture, the Crucifix and the Santa Maria del Fiore cupola alongside arch-rival Ghiberti. His bid for the design of the Pallazzo was overturned in favour of his pupil Michelozzo (Provincia di Firenze). Allesandro Botticelli Botticelli served as an apprentice to a goldsmith and is thought to have become the closest of all artists to the Medici (Pottinger, 118). Botticelli is famed as having painted the interior of the Santa Maria Novella with a fresco of the Adoration of the Magi, in which he painted three Medici’s as the Kings: Cosimo, Guiliano and Giovanni (Pottinger, 118). However, his relationship with the Medici was not with Cosimo, but with Lorenzo, a member of a different branch of the Medici (Pottinger, 118). Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci was supported by Lorenzo in his early career, although it is largely agreed that Medici neglected the talents of the young Da Vinci (Pottinger, 119). Michelangelo, similarly fell under the patronage of Medici, given his tutorship with another Medici artist Ghirlandaio (Pottinger, 119). Medici therefore did support the earlier careers of the two geniuses that would become the greatest artists of the later Renaissance period. Domenico Ghirlandaio Ghirlandaio is best known as the first of Michelangelo’s esteemed teachers. He also became known, like Botticelli, for his reverence towards Lorenzo. This was seen in his subjects’ likenesses to the man who patronised him (Pottinger, 117). The Refectory of the Ognissanti shows a fresco of the Last Supper with such likenesses present. The Sassetti Chapel at Santa Trinita also reveals this portraiture although his painting remains in the earlier style of Renaissance painting. Ghirlandaio did not enjoy painting women and found the male form far more intriguing. This is seen in the Santa Maria Novella choir paintings of the Tornabuani family, where the female features, though still beautiful, are considered lifeless (Pottinger, 117). Fillipino Lippi Lippi was one of Botticelli’s proteges and shows the style of Botticelli very well. Working primarily for Cosimo, Lippi landed himself in a number of problems due to his insatiable appetite for the gentler sex. In fact, working for Cosimo meant that commissions had to be done under the watchful eye of the Medici to prevent his romantic pursuits that led to melancholic intervals where he refused to leave his room (Life of an Artist). Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (Donatello) Donatello was a close friend of Cosimo de’Medici and for this reason he was assigned the painting of the frieze in the Palazzo Medici (Pottinger, 132). He recreated the antique cameo’s to provide a divine and luscious frieze and roundels (Pottinger, 132). He apprenticed under Ghiberti, another famous and interactive artist in the Italian Renaissance. Donatello sculpted the figure of the dead pirate Baldassare Cossa in bronze, for Cosimo (Devillier Donegan). What we have in the above discussion, is a list of some of the finest artists not only of the Renaissance, but of all time. The pertinence of this is the reach that the Medici had as the proponents of fine art. The abovementioned artists are all quite different both in character and in style, but all contributed to some of the most famous and revered works in history. It is notable that the Medici are credited with finding and upholding this classicism as well as reaching for a new and modernised world. The artists also all contributed to the arts in different ways: sculptors, painters, inventors and architects. Medici Buildings Touring Florence, I became irrevocably aware of the influence of the Medici on architecture and art of that period. What is most fascinating is the length and breadth of the ability of the Medici to make them memorable and also to make art something of great value. The crest of the Medici is visible all around Florence, in churches, libraries and museums. The Medici performed the same tasks as other great personalities such as Peter the Great of Russia and the Athens of Pericles. It was this influence that I noticed beyond all, that this family had the ability and the motivation to create a Florence that would last it must be said, longer than the previously mentioned empires. Not only have they succeeded in producing the future and the past in one capsule, but they have also managed to preserve their legacy. We have a lot to be grateful for in terms of being able to make contact with our past through the works that the Medici sponsored.

The Effects Of Gangs In Society Criminology Essay

The Effects Of Gangs In Society Criminology Essay How to define a gang has always been a matter of controversy. The relationship of the gang to its local community and the salience of race have been at the heart of academic and popular differences on the nature of gangs., according to the Gang Research. In the current essay I would like to describe the effects of gangs in the community and the effects of community policing. These two issues are important and cause many problems in society. Nowadays, the effect of gangs in community is negative and annoys people. People are disturbed by the groups of people trying to harm the society. Modern society faces many different problems, including terrorism and gangsters. People unite and form groups of particular interests, forming the gang. Gang is a group of people engaged in banditry.  Gangsters are the people in the criminal law that have committed one of the most dangerous crimes against the foundations of public administration and society, as described in Gangs and their effect on community.  Criminal laws of various states do not always provide special offense thuggery, but many countries are close to this type of crime compounds (burglary, various kinds of violent acts, etc.).   Banditry actions. Often there are referred to banditry actions of the various armed rebel groups and wars. For example, the used phrases like Chechen bandits, gang Makhno, etc. Use of the term among the bandits against members of such groups was intended to provide them common criminals rather than political opponents. It is also necessary to  note that participants in such anti-government groups may, together with political objectives and goals pursue personal enrichment (through robberies, ransom for the hostages, etc.), as stated in Gang research. The gang often refers to organized street gangs controlling a territory or a hood (neighborhood).  Street gangs are probably the most famous Bloods, MS-13, and Crips from South Central Los Angeles.  Members of street gangs are black with large majorities, followed by Latinos and Slavs.  They come from poor neighborhoods in North America and Central America.  Bloods and Crips have been the subject of many Hollywood movies depicting the life of gangster in Los Angeles.  Colors, with Dennis Hopper and Sean Penn are one of the first of its kind.  Other fraternities such as motorcycle clubs like the Hells Angels and the criminal organizations (Sicilian Mafia, Chinese triads and Japanese yakuza) are often referred to as gangs.  The first gangs emerged in Los Angeles in the black ghettos and then in other major cities like New York and Chicago, but Toronto and Montreal in Canada, to name a few.  Community negatively perceives the existence of the gangs and tries to avoid the m. The majority think that this problem has to be more effectively controlled by the government, as stated in Gangs and their effect on community. Environment and gang activity. Quite often in environments suffering socially and economically provide gang members (mostly youth) a sense of belonging and protection against other gangs. Through this ritual, the violent practices of dress codes, a code of honor   Often where the prospects of gainful employment are low, gangs provide illegal means of earning a living.  Such as trafficking in narcotics or stolen property, extortion, assault They are very diverse and different, and sometimes become targets of choice for some ideological and extreme beliefs, which influence and motivate them, as described in Gang research. Unfortunately, innocent people can get caught in the crosshairs, so all those who live in the community where a gang is present are in greater danger as a result of the affect of the gang on their society., according to the Gang Research. Gangs in New York. In the U.S., the term gang used for a street gang, back in the 1860s formed such criminal organizations, such as the Irish Boodles in New York City.  Pushed by the waves of immigration increased the formation of ethnically based street gangs.  In these Big Five were called classic bands, the Irishmen organized in the Whyos, Hudson Dusters, or Gophers, Italians in the Five Points Gang and Eastern European Jews in the Eastman Gang.  After 1900, there were essentially only the Eastman and Five Points left, as described in Gangs in America.   Almost all of these Big Five were from politicians of the Tammany Hall secured; gangs such as the Eastman Gang and the Whyos offered illegal services for a price list.  However, the Mafia and the Camorra in New York City had come.  About the Black Hand Gang, the Unione Sicilian was undermined.  The over-controlled Italian voices were certainly of interest of Tammany Hall, as stated in Gang research.  Funded by the alcohol prohibition were formed out of the five clans today known as La Cosa Nostra American Mafia, also called the Five Families.  Accordingly, it came to the dissolution of traditional street gangs of New York City to 1920.  While this entry focuses gangs in the United States, gangs are a recognized feature of urban life in areas as diverse as Johannesburg, Rio de Janiero, Paris, and Hong Kong., according to the official data. Gangs in Los Angeles. A hotbed of banditry in the U.S., the city of Los Angeles, California.  In particular, the district South Los Angeles is the most dangerous region of town.  Here you fight the Bloods and Crips, the 38th Street Gang, the 18th Street Gang, the Mara Salvatrucha, the mutually Florencia 13 and other gangs.  In addition, there are always conflicts between African Americans and Latinos, as stated in Gangs in America.  All these gangs lay claim to a particular territory and have their own distinctive mark, such as colors, clothing, tattoos, hand signs and graffiti.  Historically, returns the current path from Los Angeles to increasing conflicts between blacks and whites in the course of the 1940s.  At that time, many blacks moved to Los Angeles, but could find no ghettos in the then appropriate accommodation.  The attempt from the break ghetto and to purchase in other parts of the city housing, put the local white residents against strong segregation efforts, ranging in some ca ses up to the inclusion of racial restrictions in the land book and much of the city for non-whites out of reach made.  Only in the south and southwest, where the residential areas of the lower middle class were white, blacks still could not find housing, but also here met with the resistance, as stated in Effects of Gangs. Mid to late 1940s was against this background, black residents from the borders of the Central Avenue-ghettos terrorized by gangs of white youths as the Spookhunters. In return, were founded the first black gangs like the businessmen, Slauson or flips, which are often offered the only protection against racist attacks, but also constitute a cultural or social home, as described in Gang research. Mark Twain on Gangs. In his 1884 classic Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain described the elaborate oath that the imaginative Tom Sawyer creates for members of his potential gang. Now well start this band of robbers and call it Tom Sawyers Gang. Everybody that wants to join has got to take an oath, and write his name in blood., as stated in the Chapter 2. In Huckleberry Finn. This shows the simple way of the creation of a gang, and the consequences can be much more complicated for both- the society and members of the gang. Todays members of the gang are criminals and they can not be distinguished in their actions from the other criminals. Community relation to Gangs. Some people believe that the gangs have become a permanent feature of the urban landscape around the world, as described in Gang Research. Community strives to do anything possible to prevent gang crimes, to make the life safes and to create foundations that will be able to protect them. In the modern world cooperation and communication on the topic of gangs in extremely important, as today the number of crimes is very high and people feel less safe each day. Without the cooperation of the community and police it will be very difficult to protect the families and to live in safety. As a fact, an unsupervised lower-class peer group, with leadership, structure, and adherence to a local territory is formed in the society and make the living even more difficult and unforeseen, as described in Addressing Community Gang Problems. People are disturbed and nervous because of the gangs present in the cities, as these local groups are capable to do anything from the theft to murder. Scary stories about them and no clear changes of the government considering the gangs have not changes the situation for the better. The Effects of Community Policing. The concept of community police officers (called Community Policing and Neighborhood Policing) is based on the assumption that an effective fight against crime and antisocial behavior requires close cooperation between the Police and members of the community.   Community Policing is both a philosophy and an organizational strategy that allows police and community residents to work closely together in new ways to solve the problems of crime, fear of crime, physical and social disorders, and neighborhood decay., as stated in The Effects of Community Policing and Technology on Index Crime Clearance Rates. Assumptions concept. The concept of community police patrols involves increasing the number of pedestrians  Police officers (and other similar services), they should be the members of the communities in which they work.  Building mutual trust and faith in the rule of law continues in through the establishment of direct contacts with the people-police should be open to citizens by showing patience, understanding and willingness to help, even if you entrusted to the problems have no direct connection with the violation of the law.  Conceptually, the police officer has to be more a sort of friend than a civil servant and representative government.  You can then count on the active participation of community members in efforts to combat crime.   According to The Effects of Community Policing and Technology on Index Crime Clearance Rates, the man goals of the community policing are: to bring community resources together to solve problems, decrease fear of crime, to listen to and address citizen concerns, to increase public confidence in the Police Department, to impact specific crime problems, and educate the public about its Police Department. Social scientists have differed on whether or not gangs necessarily exhibit criminal and delinquent activity. Some hold that gangs are fundamentally the product of delinquent subcultures; others believe gangs are a response to social disorganization. The United States National Youth Gang Center reports there are about 25,000 gangs in the United States, with nearly three quarters of a million members., according to the Gang Research. In the past, the view prevailed that the task of the Police is merely react-in a manner provided by law-the fact of the crime (the repressive function).  There was allowed only interference with pathology.  Today, there are beliefs that the role of police is not only to ensure safety, but also to concern for the quality of community life.  The first step should be here to determine the needs (problems) given community (for example, homelessness, importunate begging, alcohol abuse), and then preparing and implementing programs tailored to these specific needs.  It is desirable here also active as organizing talks drugs or encouraging young people to play sports. Community Policing (the police public service), and neighborhood policing (neighborhood) is a strategy and philosophy of policing based on the belief that the cooperation and support of the public can contribute to the control of crime.  The public can help identify what is suspicious and police have focused on existing problems.  The community ahs to become involved in the life of humanity, as there can be presented many crimes with the help of cooperation. Strategy. When using the strategy of community policing officers and police departments, they are regarded as part of the public.  Cities and countries that have adopted this philosophy, directed more than traditional police departments to the concept of policing as a public service.  Community policing is usually more in the emphasis on walking patrol activity than that the police checked the place and also visited them in cars.  The basic idea is to build confidence and a sense of reciprocity between the police and the public.  This approach requires that the police were helpful, impartial and sensitive to the interests and concerns of others, and there is also known as a new form of police work. Although the police disagrees with the complainant (the developer), they should try to understand this problem.  The police would have to show empathy and participation, but not to be enrolled in the automatic way.  The police must also improve their planning, problem solving, organizati on, interpersonal communication, and most importantly in critical thinking, as described in Gangs, Gang membership, and comprehensive strategies.   A change in its police service to the public is how the police can identify what is truly high-quality service and how it subsequently provided to the public.  In the past, police always respond only to specific problems, and do so quite peculiar way and did not pay almost no attention to the proactive approach.  For this, the work of the police today is truly effective, and there is the need to:  take seriously the needs of the public, take into account the needs of police actions and programs, which are then focused on the public. It is in this sense that the police are becoming more receptive to public needs and can also better understand how their work has an impact on society.  It is said that this philosophy is created by Tom Potter, former police chief in Portland, Oregon, when a young policeman patrolling activities are performed.  Other legends were Sir Robert Peel, who came up with nine principles, on whom stands a modern police work. Community policing. Community policing- are the social attitudes in a system of relationships between people, the rules of mutual behavior and dormitories, the applicable laws, customs and traditions, and moral norms.  Public order is a whole set of systems of social relations, which develops as a result of social norms: law, morality, norms of public organizations, non-legal norms of customs, traditions and rituals. Public order and public safety are the main objects of protection in the work of the interior.  The socio-legal categories, covering specific sphere of social relations, are characterized by a number of features that define the content of the activities of internal affairs for the protection (security) of these relations, as described in The Effects of Community Policing and Technology on Index Crime Clearance Rates.   First, public order and safety apply to all citizens without exception, and from birth until death.  Second, public order and public security tend to focus on elementary actions, deeds and rules of human behavior.  They occur openly and publicly, and usually they are understood by others.  Third, public order and safety are governed by the law as well as other social and technical norms (morality, customs, traditions, and even fashion).  Fourth, in the sphere of public order and safety annually there are made a huge number of offenses, the tens of millions.  And all offenders, and that much of the population, one way or another can be subjected to the forced exposure of the police.  Fifth, in the field of public order and safety there is circulation of objects and subjects of high risk: the acquisition, storage, use, transportation and civil service firearms, explosive and highly toxic substances, radioactive isotopes, etc. Therefore, licensing and permitting activities o f the Interior  exercising state supervision and control in this area, allows preventing and suppressing the violation of the rules and thereby minimizing the occurrence of serious implications, as a rule, in violation of relevant rules, standards and requirements.  Sixth, with the sphere in question that is closely connected with such dangerous anti-social phenomena as drug addiction, alcoholism, prostitution, vagrancy and begging. That is why, in some cities there are special units, the so-called morality police.  Seventh, in the sphere of public order and public safety are regularly held various mass public events with a large concentration of people in different rooms or in a limited area, which often poses a threat to life and health, the normal functioning of organizations.  These include political (rallies, marches, demonstrations), economic (picketing, hunger strikes), cultural and entertainment (festivals, concerts, days, cities), sports (Olympics, football and hock ey competitions), religious and other public events.  Their implementation requires a great deal of organizational work of the interior, bringing order to ensure order and security of considerable forces and means of the police and interior troops. Community policing is described as the state of social relations, which enforced the law and other legal rules, one of the components of the social order.  This is the state of the actual settlement of social relationships, qualitative expression of the rule of law.  In addition to compliance with the law enforcement in society, it is ensured by the customs, norms and morals, the internal rules of organization, etc. The rule of law is characterized by a level of legality in the state and the degree of realization of the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as their performance of public authorities and duties conferred by law, as stated in The Effects of Community Policing and Technology on Index Crime Clearance Rates.   Solving the crimes in the local areas has always been challenging. When community policing is practiced in conjunction with some investigation variables, it has significant mixed (positive and negative) interaction effects on murder and robbery clearance rates., as described in The Effects of Community Policing and Technology on Index Crime Clearance Rates. Nowadays, technology has positive effects in investigation and in doing the corresponding research.   Positive interaction effect with community policing on different issues is beneficial for the society. Proper management of the situation and involvement of people who care about their safety is helping a lot, when the case is connected with the gangs. There is created a framework and the detection of crimes becomes more real and much quicker, and as well, this helsp to pertain to terrorism and national security Structure of the Community policing. Structure of the Community policing are the  legal organization of society (laws and legitimize their government agencies and non-state actors and citizens);  relationship and communication in society;  and certain (normative) order of these relationships and bonds (clear definition of the status of members of their subjective rights and legal duties, powers).   Community policing can be classified according to the territorial coverage (the rule of law in the state, city, etc.), as well as branches of law and legal coverage (constitutional, administrative, financial, etc.), according to U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented policing Services.   Classifications of the community policing: Symptoms: to allocate the following signs of enforcement:  Certainty.  Community policing is based on specific formal-legal regulations.  System: community policing is a system of relations based on a single essence of law, the prevailing form of ownership, the system of economic relations and provides a unified force of state power.  Organization: community policing occurs when there are organizing activities of the state, its bodies. State warranty: the existing rule of law is guaranteed by the state, protects them from violations.  Stability: arising under state law and ensures the rule of law is quite stable. Unity: based on common political and legal principles that will ensure the unity of the state and the rule of law, order for the whole country.  All these components are equally guaranteed by the state, any of the violations are considered violations and repressed by state coercion. It is obvious that the gangs affect the community in different ways, as it depends on where a person lives. According to the survey done by the  National Criminal Justice Reference Service, the specific results of a 2008 show that the gangs in the community cause: rise in violent crime and  drug  related arrests and rise in robbery and  homicide  cases, as described in Effects of Gangs. Considering these facts, there is a considering influence from the gangs on community, especially there is a negative effect, which leads to the increased crime and also to the higher risk for the people to get hurt. The gangs make people feel danger and insecurity in the community, as no one can protect people from the gangs if the measures are not taken. Conclusion All in all, it can be said that there are many issues that disturb the society and there is a considerable influence from the gangs. The effects of gangs in the community and the effects of community policing take place in the society, but there have to be taken more proper measures to ensure safety and living in comfort for the people. As a fact, the best way is to eliminate the groups of people who harm the society. Consequently, there has to be tighter cooperation between the community and police, there has to be developed the new of communication, etc. There have to be present the newest technologies that will allow police to take proper actions and to know everything in advance. Nowadays, the importance of the national security has become one of the main issues, as different circumstances lead people to committing different crimes, either in groups or individually. This problem has to be revised at the state level and its importance does not have to be underestimated under any c ircumstances.

Problem Based Learning Essay -- essays research papers

What is PBL Problem based learning is any learning environment in which the problem that is asked is what drives the learning. In other words, to answer the problem that is given to you, you will need to look things up and learn some things before being able to answer the question correctly. The problem is given so that the students discover that they need to learn some new knowledge before they can solve the problem. The first use of PBL was in medical schools, which test the knowledge base of graduates. PBL uses real world problems, not hypothetical cases where the answers are neat and convergent. The struggling with the actual problem is what makes the students learn. Through this struggling they learn both content and critical thinking skills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Problem based learning has several distinct characteristics, which may be identified and utilized in designing a curriculum. One of these distinctions is the reliance on problems to drive the curriculum. The problems do not test skills; they only assist in development of the skills themselves. The problems are not normal problems; the answers will not be able to be solved until the students themselves do more work. The second distinction is that the problems should not mean to have only one solution, and as new information is gathered, perception of the problem and thus the solution changes. The third distinction, a very important distinction is that the students solve the problems. The teachers are merely coaches and facilitators. The fourth distinction, closely related to the third is that the students are only given guidelines to solving the problem. There is no such thing as a formula or direct way to solve the problem. The fifth and last distinction is the as sessment. It is an authentic and performance based assessment and it is a seamless part and the end of the instruction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are five main stages for instructing with problem based learning and there are four main stages for a student to use. First we will discuss the stages for the instructor to use. The instructor has a choice of either having everyone stay as individuals or form small groups of about 3 – 5 people. The instructor can ask the students to form their own groups, assign them, or draw from a lottery. The next stage the instructor must complete is presenting the problem. To do th... ...tage is testing your solution. Seek from your instructor the data that you need to run tests on your ideas. If all your possible solutions are eliminated, begin the cycle again. When you encounter data that confirm one of your hypotheses you may be asked to write an explanation of your solution and justify it using the available evidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Problem based learning is a way of teaching that most teachers do not use right now. However it is a great way of learning if used properly. PBL can be used for individuals or small groups and can be effective either way. The instructor has only five main stages in developing a curriculum: Forming the groups, presenting the problem, activating the groups, providing feedback, and asking for a solution. The students, although they do all the work, only have four stages: Defining the problem carefully, exploring the possible solutions, narrowing the choices, and testing the solution. http://www.saltspring.com/capewest/pbl.htm http://www.biology.iupui.edu/Biology_HTML_Docs/biocourses/K345/PBL_Web_Pages/SmallGroupPBL.html http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/problearn.html http://www.chemeng.mcmaster.ca/pbl/pbl.htm